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PSYC 110 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes

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2
Q

Concepts

A

The mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people

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3
Q

Prototype

A

Typical, highly representative examples of a concept

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4
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Reasoning from the general specific

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5
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Reasoning from the specific to the general

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6
Q

Algorithms

A

A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem

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7
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Judging the probability of an event occurring on the basis of how easy it is to think of examples

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8
Q

Problem Solving steps

A
  1. Preparing
  2. Producing
  3. Judging
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9
Q

Insight

A

A sudden awareness of the relationships among various element that had previously appeared to be unrelated to one another

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10
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to seek out and weight more heavily information that supports one’s initial hypothesis and to ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypothesis or solutions

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11
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways

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12
Q

Language

A

The communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules

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13
Q

Phonology

A

The study of the smallest units of speech, called phonemes

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14
Q

Phonemes

A

The smallest units of speech

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15
Q

Interactional Approach

A

The view that language development is determined by genetic and social factors, produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and the social world in which one is raised

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16
Q

Intelligence

A

The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

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17
Q

G or g-factor

A

The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence

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18
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Reflects the ability to think logically, reason abstractly, solve problems, and find patterns

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19
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

The accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people have learned through experience and education

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20
Q

Theory of Multiple Intelligence

A

Howard Gardners theory that proposes there are 8 distinct spheres of intelligence

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21
Q

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Critical to juggling many pieces of information simultaneously and solving new problems

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22
Q

Practical Intelligence

A

Intelligence related to overall success in living

23
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

A set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions

24
Q

Familial Intellectual Disability

A

Intellectual disability in which no apparent biological or genetic problems exist, but there is a history of intellectual disability among family members

25
Motivation
Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms
26
Instinct Approach to Motivation
People and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to survival
27
Drive Reduction approach to motivation
A lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need
28
Arousal approach to motivation
People try to maintain a steady level of stimulation and activity
29
Incentive approach to motivation
Motivations stems from the desire to attain external rewards, know as incentives
30
Cognitive approach to motivation
Motivation is a result of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals
31
Intrinsic Motivation
Causes individuals to participate in an activity for their own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete award
32
Extrinsic Motivation
Causes individuals to do something for the money, a grade, or some actual, concrete reward
33
Self-actualization
A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own way
34
James-Lange theory of emotion
Emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation
35
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
Both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus
36
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
Emotions are determined jointly by a non specific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues
37
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
Facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people experience and label emotions
38
Developmental Psychology
Studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life
39
Periods of Birth
1. First 2 weeks: germinal 2. 2-8 weeks: embryonic period 3. 8-birth: fetal period
40
Attachment
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
41
Ainsworth Strange Situation
A sequence of events involving a child and their mother. Aims to classify the attachment behavior of toddlers upon reunion
42
AuthoriTARIAN parents
Those who are rigid and punitive, and value unquestioning obedience from their children
43
AuthoriTATIVE parents
Those who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them
44
Pigets 4 stages
1. Sensorimotor stage (birth-2) 2. Preoperational stage (2-7) 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-12) 4. Formal Operational Stage (12-adulthood)
45
Postconvential Morality
People accept that there are certain broad principles of morality that should govern our actions; and these principles are more critical than the particular laws in society
46
Generativity vs. Stagnation
A period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society
47
Emerging Adulthood
The period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into mid-twenties
48
Genetic Programming Theories of Aging
Our DNA genetic code includes a built in time limit to the reproduction of human cells and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time
49
Wear and Tear theories of Aging
The mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently
50
Alzheimer’s Disease
A progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities
51
Disengagement Theory of Aging
Successful aging is characterized by a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels
52
Activity Theory of Aging
Successful aging is characterized by maintaining the interests and activities of earlier stages of life
53
Life Review
The process by which people examine and evaluate their lives

PSYC 110 (3 decks)

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