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BIO 105 Lecture > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

Intro To Metabolism - Replication

1
Q

What reaction is energy released?

A

exergonic

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2
Q

What is broken down in cellular respiration?

A

glucose and other organic molecules

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3
Q

Electrons from organic compounds are first transferred to _____ forming _____.

A

NAD+ , NADH

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4
Q

What represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP?

A

NADH (the reduced form of NAD+)

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5
Q

NAD+ is the _____ form.
NADH is the _____ form.

A

oxidized, reduced

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6
Q

What does NADH pass to the electron transport chain?

A

electrons

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7
Q

What is the first stage in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytosol

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9
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen to occur?

A

it occurs in the presence or absence of oxygen

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10
Q

What does glycolysis convert the 6-carbon glucose into?

A

two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate

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11
Q

What is the net production of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH

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12
Q

What are the 3 phases of glycolysis?

A

energy investment, cleavage reactions, and energy harvest

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13
Q

What happens during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

-adding phosphates energizes glucose and makes it more reactive
-1st phosphate removes glucose from the “glucose pool”

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14
Q

What happens during the cleavage reaction phase of glycolysis?

A

-6C sugar splits forming two 3 C molecules
- no Carbons have been lost

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15
Q

What happens during the energy harvest phase of glycolysis?

A

Products:
- 4 ATP are made, one for each phosphate removed
- 2 pyruvate (3C each, no C’s lost)
-2 NADH

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16
Q

What does Hexokinase do in glycolysis?

A
  • adds first phosphate
  • removes glucose from the glucose pool so transport can continue into the cell
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17
Q

What does Phosphofructokinase do in glycolysis?

A
  • adds second phosphate
    -regulatory step
    -allosterically inhibited by ATP
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18
Q

Glycolysis is a series of what kind of reactions?

A

redox reactions: reduction or oxidation reactions where electrons are transferred between two substances

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19
Q

How does glycolysis harvest ATP?

A

via substrate level phosphorylation (method of producing ATP where a phosphate group is directly transferred from a high energy molecule to ADP to form ATP; does not require oxygen)

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20
Q

For each molecule of glucose processed in glycolysis, what is the net production of ATP?

A

Net production: 2 ATP
ATP produced: 4 ATP
ATP used: 2 ATP
(4-2=2)

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21
Q

What is the purpose of using two ATP to add phosphates to glucose in the beginning of glycolysis?

A

to make the glucose more reactive

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22
Q

What are the two branches that can occur off of the pyruvate point?

A

-No O2 present = fermentation
-O2 present + aerobic cellular respiration

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23
Q

What happens during alcohol fermentation?

A

NAD+ is regenerated to be used in glycolysis (where net 2 ATP are made)

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24
Q

What happens during Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

-NAD+ is regenerated to be used in glycolysis (where 2 ATP are made)
- pyruvate is REDUCED, NADH is oxidized

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25
True or False : The reaction of pyruvate to lactate is an oxidation.
false
26
What is the purpose of fermentation reactions?
to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
27
Where does pyruvate move to when O2 is around?
the mitochondria
28
What "links" glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
pyruvate oxidation
29
Why does pyruvate oxidation link glycolysis to citric acid cycle?
- pyruvate oxidation creates acetyl-CoA, which is the entry step to citric acid cycle -one NADH made per pyruvate
30
What are the two branches that are possible from acetyl CoA?
- fatty acids (store energy) - citric acid cycle (release energy)
31
What reaction absorbs energy?
endergonic reactions
32
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
- Glycolysis -Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle - Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC and chemiosmosis)
33
What happens in the citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle)?
-carbons that entered cycle as Acetyl-CoA are oxidized (loss of electrons) to CO2 (EXHALE) -NAD+ and FAD are reduced (gain electrons) to NADH and FADH2 -NADH and FADH 2 (formed from reduction-gain of electrons) carry electrons to the electron transport chain
34
True or False: the reaction of malate HO-C-H to oxaloacetate C=O is an oxidation?
True
35
What do NADH and FADH2 bring to the electron transport chain (ETC)?
electrons
36
What is the basic complex that electron transport chains consist of?
- protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane
37
What happens to H+ ions in the electron transport chain?
energy from transferring electrons is used to pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space creating a H+ gradient = proton motive force
38
What do electrons eventually do in the ETC?
combine with oxygen
39
Where do the electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 get transferred to?
different electron carriers
40
Where do electrons always move to in the ETC and what does this mean?
Electrons always move to a lower energy molecule, so energy is released
41
What happens to energy with each transport that occurs?
energy is lost with each transport
42
What happens to the released energy in the ETC?
it is used to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space to make a gradient
43
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
oxygen
44
Where is carbon dioxide made in the ETC?
Complex 2
45
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in the ETC?
Complex 2
46
Where does energy come from during the ETC?
energy comes from creating a H+ gradient from oxidation
47
What complexes pump hydrogen ions across the ETC?
complex 1,3 and 4 pump hydrogen ions across
48
What happens during chemiosmosis?
(chemical diffusion) -converts ADP to ATP by a H+ going through the ATP synthase
49
What happens in the ATP synthase?
-energy from release of gradient is used to make ATP -H+ flows down its gradient through ATP synthase (chemiosmosis)
50
How are most of the ATP in cellular respiration generated?
Most of the ATP in cellular respiration are generated through electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
51
Why do you breathe oxygen (O2)?
to serve as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
52
What do ETC blockers do?
- inhibit flow of electrons and pumping of H+ by the ETC -prevent formation of H+ gradient
53
What do Uncouplers do?
- allow pumping of H+, but disconnect it from ATP synthesis - Let H+ sneak back into matrix without using ATP synthase -disconnect gradient from ATP synthesis (H+ move back into matrix without using ATP synthase and generate heat instead of ATP)
54
What do ATP synthase inhibitors do?
- allow electron flow and creation of H+ gradient - directly inhibit activity of ATP synthase
55
Cyanide and carbon monoxide block the protein that donates the electrons to oxygen, thus forming water. Cyanide and carbon monoxide block ATP synthesis by...
preventing the formation of an H+ ion concentration gradient
56
What do catabolic reactions do?
Break down complex molecules and releasing energy
57
What do anabolic reactions do?
synthesize complex molecule and consuming energy
58
What are the products of glycolysis?
ATP, NADH, pyruvate
59
In the absence of oxygen, human cells convert pyruvate to...
lactate by fermentation
60
True or False: a hydrogen ion gradient is formed in the citric acid cycle
false
61
Where is ATP synthase located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
62
What is the function of the electron transport chain?
form a H+ gradient
63
What would an increased number of uncoupling proteins do to the level of ATP produced?
it would reduce the level of ATP produced
64

BIO 105 Lecture (4 decks)

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