Exam 3

Question 1

Monomers of DNA

Answer 1

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine (ATCG)

Question 2

Shape of DNA

Answer 2

Double helix

Question 3

Nitrogenous bases found in DNA

Answer 3

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
A=T G=C

Question 4

Bonds holding DNA together

Answer 4

Hydrogen bonds

Question 5

What makes up a nucleotide?

Answer 5

Five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 6

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

Answer 6

Prepare for cell division by creating a copy of the genome

Question 7

What is semi-conservative?

Answer 7

One original strand and one new strand

Question 8

What are the copied chromosomes held together by?

Answer 8

Centromere

Question 9

Polymerization happens via the

Answer 9

dehydration reactions

Question 10

DNA polymerase works in

Answer 10

only one direction

Question 11

Combines monomers to form polymers

Answer 11

Anabolic reaction

Question 12

Requires energy

Answer 12

Endergonic reactions

Question 13

DNA replication in what direction?

Answer 13

5’ to 3’ direction

Question 14

Prokaryotes have how many origins of replication?

Answer 14

One origin

Question 15

Eukaryotes have how many origins of replication?

Answer 15

Many origins

Question 16

DNA unwinds from the origin of replication to form a

Answer 16

replication bubble

Question 17

Each origin of replication has

Answer 17

two replication forks

Question 18

What is replisome?

Answer 18

Molecular machine that does replication

Question 19

How many replisomes for each origin of replication?

Answer 19

Two

Question 20

What is an FNA primer?

Answer 20

Starting nucleotide sequence; gives DNA polymerase a place to start

Question 21

What is DNA polymerase? DNA polymerase?

Answer 21

Main replication enzymes; Adds nucleotides bases in 5’ to 3’ direction (always add to 3’ -OH)

Question 22

Leading strand is built

Answer 22

continuously towards replication fork

Question 23

Lagging strand is built

Answer 23

discontinuously (in section) away from the replication fork

Question 24

What are the sections of the lagging strand called?

Answer 24

Okazaki fragments

Question 25

What are telomeres?

Answer 25

Protective caps at the ends of chromosomes

Question 26

What add telomeres?

Answer 26

Enzyme telmerase

Question 27

Where does telomere elongation occur?

Answer 27

Gametes, stem cells, and cancer cells

Question 28

What is mitosis?

Answer 28

Cell division that creates somatic (body) cells; One division to create two daughter cells

Question 29

What cells are produced in mitosis?

Answer 29

Diploid cells; genetically identical

Question 30

What are the new cells used for in mitosis?

Answer 30

Growth, wound repair, and cell replacement

Question 31

What is meiosis?

Answer 31

cell division that creates gametes (sex cells in animas) (sperm and eggs)

Question 32

What cells are produced in meiosis?

Answer 32

Haploid cells; two rounds of division create four daughter cells; genetically different

Question 33

Gametes in meiosis fuse to form

Answer 33

a 2n zygote during fertilization

Question 34

What is the goal of mitosis?

Answer 34

Produce identical diploid cells for growth and repair

Question 35

Mitosis divides

Answer 35

cytoplasm and other contents to make tow complete cells

Question 36

Mitosis separates

Answer 36

sister chromatids

Question 37

What are the phases of mitosis

Answer 37

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Question 38

Mitosis phrophase

Answer 38

Chromosomes condense into chromatids; start forming spindle apparatus; nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 39

Mitosis Prometaphase

Answer 39

Microtubules of spindle apparatus bind to kinetochores (centromeres) on each sister chromatid

Question 40

Mitosis Metaphase

Answer 40

Sister chromatid pairs line up in the middle of the cell; Driven by microtubule movement

Question 41

Mitosis Anaphase

Answer 41

Sister chromatids are separated/pulled apart; Individual chromosomes pulled to opposite ends; Each pole ends with a full chromosome set

Question 42

Mitosis Telophase

Answer 42

Nuclear envelope reforms; Chromosomes de-condense; Cell now contains two nuclei

Question 43

Mitosis Cytokinesis

Answer 43

Cytoskeleton divides cell into two cells

Question 44

What is the purpose of cell cycle regulation?

Answer 44

Ensure division is needed --> it is energetically expensive; Ensure enough energy to successfully make two cells; prevent replication of damaged cells

Question 45

What is the first checkpoint of the cell cycle regulation?

Answer 45

G1

Question 46

What is the second checkpoint of the cell cycle regulation?

Answer 46

G2

Question 47

What is the third checkpoint of the cell cycle regulation?

Answer 47

Spindle (Mitosis checkpoint)

Question 48

The cells in meiosis produced are genetically

Answer 48

different

Question 49

In meiosis, it creates cells called gametes that are also considered

Answer 49

sperm and egg cells

Question 50

What are the stages of meiosis 1?

Answer 50

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis