Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

Peer Nomination

Answer 1

- Who gets the most “votes” - Who's the MOST popular - List kids who are most popular vs. least popular - Can be in group with people you don’t know - Students get a code number, participants write numbers down to nominate the student

Answer 2

Create Score - “Most Liked” - “Least Liked”: final score of how well-liked they are - Mean: “Fights”, “Teases”, “Bullies” create mean score for aggression Possibly Create Groups - 20 or higher: “popular” - -20 or lower: “unpopular”

Answer 3

- Can be created by self-reported data - Large groups of people who identify in similar way despite not knowing each other - Not 5 people unlike cliques, more like 30-200 - Number of crowds get larger as age increases Groups such as: - Jocks - Brains - Deviants - Etc.

Answer 4

Very few distinguishable crowds as they are just starting to develop their identity - Cool Kids - Normals - Dorks

Answer 5

- Many, many different types of crowds - More likely to be in moratorium phase of finding who they are - New crowds like goths, deviants, peppies, druggies, etc.

Answer 6

Popularity = Liked - View in 1980’s Psychologists vs. Sociologists - Psychologists: believe popularity is tied to how well-liked you are - Sociologists: let adolescents define construct thru conversations about popularity and like-ability, more ethnography studies, found popular kids aren't well liked, visibility aspect Sociometric vs. Perceived - Sociometric: how well-liked are you, higher means you are well-liked - Perceived: peer-defined status; increased means you aren’t well-liked, but popular

Answer 7

- Visibility: people know who they are and know things about them even w/o friendship - Dominance: more power than others - Social status: seen to have higher status than others - Commodity: invisible and limited, not everyone can have it or it wouldn’t exist in same way - True Status Construct - Perceived

Answer 8

- Well-liked, not DISliked: many people like you and very few dislike you - Controversial Status - Dispositional Trait: everyone can theoretically have it, doesn’t need to be competed over - Sociometric

Answer 9

Participants split up based on nominations of liked and disliked Popular - Large # of liked and little to no disliked nominations Rejected - Opposite of popular, large # of disliked nominations and few to no liked nominations Neglected - Received few nominations Controversial - Received large # of liked and disliked nomination Average - Everyone else

Answer 10

Popular - Get along well with others - Good social skills - Many friends Rejected - Aggressive: impulsive, disruptive, aggressive - Non Aggressive: socially awkward, odd behavior/language - Stick out in a negative way Neglected - Wallflowers: shy, inhibited, introverts

Answer 11

Rejected - Very stable status, tend to stay in category through development even if they aren’t that person anymore Neglected - Unstable, can come out of shell and get noticed which leads to change in category

Answer 12

- Most Liked - Least Liked - Score could be “liked” or “disliked” somewhere between high and low

Answer 13

- Most Liked + Least Liked - Visibility, people know who they are but may either like or dislike them

Answer 14

- Most Popular - Least Popular - Rare, but can create three categories: popular, average, and unpopular

Answer 15

Popular - physically attractive, wealthy/wealth makers, athletes - Stylish clothes + cool things Unpopular - Similar to nonaggressive rejected students - Visible due to being weird/odd

Answer 16

- Popularity is more stable than social preference - Girls: popularity is more stable than for boys - Boys: social preference is more stable than for girls

Answer 17

Are the same people who are popular well-liked? - Large overlap in elementary: liked=popular - Less overlap in middle school: distinction between popularity/social preference begins, some people are popular and liked and some are disliked - Even less in high school: rare for popular youth to be well-liked

Answer 18

Boys - Popular & Well-Liked - Become uncorrelated Girls - Popular & Disliked - Become negatively correlated - Popular Girls —> Controversial Status: many like them ands many dislike them

Answer 19

Bi-Directional Effect - Increased popularity leads to increased aggression - Increased aggression leads to increased popularity - Especially for Social Aggression Why? - Aggression can be used to maintain status - Stops those who threaten status from gaining it - Can obtain status by demeaning others

Answer 20

Risk-Taking - Substance Use: use “normal” substances more often like weed and alcohol, not illicit drugs like coke or molly - Sexual Behavior: more sexual partners, have sex earlier than peers which lowers chance of using contraceptive Academics - Effect of also being well-liked - Lower GPA’s and higher truancy rates - Buffered if high in social preference

Answer 21

“Military” Academy - Status = Class/Rank: as you get older, you get more privilege and power over those below you - In-Class/Rank Unity: unity of status that exists - Cross-Class Teams: have various competitions - Similar to Harry Potter Small Town School - Sports & Looks: emphasized even more than in urban schools - Parents Reputation: people know each other better so parents job/place in community could positively/negatively impact reputation of child - Cross-Status Interaction: more likely to occur, friendships/dating between those who are popular and just average Church Schools - Not that different: most similar to large public - Dress: uniform standards, can include things such as in class solidarity (certain grade gets a specific jacket) or popular kids slightly tweaking uniforms (rolled up skirts + accessories)

Answer 22

Canada/European Countries - Similar to U.S. - Popular kids are aggressive, come from wealth, and are typically disliked China/Japan - Academics —> Popularity: excelling academically=popular, peer group looks down on those who do poorly in school - Other similarities to US, but academic takes cake Africa/South America - Language lacks similar term - Well-known or well-liked

Answer 23

After High School - Risk Behaviors: drinking and drug use aren’t isolated to high school, “popular” adolescents continue to use substances more than other individuals - Workplace Harassment: popular individuals are more likely to engage in aggression and harassment at work when they get older

Answer 24

Hard to Measure - Where do you do nominations? A dorm? Smaller schools? - Creates difficult - Simply must ask college kids who popular kids are Does it Exist? - Some say no, popularity is instead a high school thing and adolescent subcultures don’t exist - Celebrity Status: athletes are popular - Fraternities/Sororities: some say popularity only exists in there, or that people who are in there are the popular ones

Answer 25

Should I be worried if my adolescent is popular? - No clear cut answer, maybe so be on the lookout - Maybe, but less so if they are also well-liked - Difficult to know if your child is well-liked which makes it hard to know if you should worry

Answer 26

Intentionally harming someone in some way - depends on context

Answer 27

- Easy to identify aggressor/victim - Physical: hitting, kicking, pushing, any physical harm - Verbal: name-calling to face, face-to-face insults

Answer 28

Indirect Aggression - shielding aggressor identity but victim is known - not to face Social Aggression - harming someone’s social life (relationship, status, etc.) Emergence of Relational Aggression - boys: aggressive - girls: cause harm to relationships/reputation Media Influences - Heathers, Mean Girls

Answer 29

- Peer Nomination - Teacher-Reports - Self-Reports

Answer 30

Overt Aggression (physical) - Initiates/gets into physical fights - Hit, shove, or push peers - Dominate or bully people Relational Aggression - Excluding others purposefully - Spreading gossip/rumors with malicious intent - Ignore others to get their way

Answer 31

- Report bullying/fights - Mirrors peer-reports - Not accurate when it comes to relational aggression, peer-reports are better

Answer 32

- Less likely to be honest - Relational Aggression: Romantic Relationships (threaten a breakup) - Victimization: are you a victim/target

Answer 33

Boys - boys use overt aggression more than girls - also use relational aggression Girls - girls don’t always use more relational aggression than guys, often its equal levels - less overt aggression and more relational aggression

Answer 34

Reinforcements from society such as: - “boys will be boys” - girls are “nice”

Answer 35

- As age increases, aggression causes you to be disliked - Not much gender difference

Answer 36

- Weak relationship between popularity and relational aggression - Not much gender difference

Answer 37

Less/Lower Quality Friendships - more conflict, less support Targets = Non-Friends - people don’t want to befriend a “mean” person which reduces number of friends

Answer 38

Popular - increased quality friendships - social power often goes in hand with relational aggression - homophily Disliked - lower quality friendships - less effective use of relational aggression - skill issue

Answer 39

Aggression - random Bullying - targeted/selective - within aggression

Answer 40

- Always aggressor, never target - Rejected + aggressive

Answer 41

- Aggressor and target

Answer 42

- Always target, never aggressor - Rejected + nonaggressive - Less friends

Answer 43

Repetitive targeting on internet, more relational aggression than overt

Answer 44

- Same people in roles as traditional bullying - Effects are the same but the bully-victims are a different group

Answer 45

- Not a huge success, some rate good but not perfect - Effectiveness of program depends on the school and its environment - If a school + program have matching perspectives, the program is more effective

Answer 46

Cyberbullying Laws - Schools often have a say when it comes to physical bullying, but cyberbullying is out of schools hands and is often rather handled by the state - NV: legal issue - CA: school issue

Answer 47

- Externalizing - Internalizing - Risky Behavior - Antisocial Behavior

Answer 48

- Outward problem behaviors - Actively doing something - Undercontrolled: relaxed parenting, few rules/restrictions

Answer 49

- Emotional/chronic or momentary - Mental health related - Overcontrolled: too much parental pressure and involvement

Answer 50

- Engaging in behavior, higher risk for negative problem - Ex: Substance Use: if you drink, higher risk for drinking and driving

Answer 51

- Against societal norms in a violent way - Ex: Violence: vandalizing, harming very violently

Answer 52

Immature Prefrontal Lobes: underdeveloped decision making - Decision Making vs. Emotional Centers - 25 is when both are fully developed - Risk behavior decreases in 20s

Answer 53

Experience - Lack ability + knowledge to properly respond to situations Cognitive Factors - Personal fable: nothing bad happens to me Personality Factors - High sensation/thrill seeking - Low empathy Link to Mortality Rate - Auto fatalities have a strong link to danger - More risk means more danger

Answer 54

Alcohol Use During HS - Increased use by non-college bound - Less use by college bound Alcohol Use After HS - Less use by non-college bound - Increased use by college bound Non-College: link between school failure + alcohol use

Answer 55

Experimental Use - Curiosity, what is ____ like? Social Use - Not when alone but with others Medicinal Use - Self-medicate - Using substances to cope w/ problems Addictive Use - Withdrawal (physical/mental) w/o substances

Answer 56

Age - Using before 14 causes heightened risk for addictive use Low Academic Achievement - Bidirectional link to substance use Lack of Parental Closeness - Lack of closeness (not friendship) increases risk Unstructured Socializing - Lack of organization and plans increases risk

Answer 57

- Environmental systems impact behavior - Urban: often engage with illegal substance like meth - Rural: engage with normal substances like weed and tobacco - Suburban: in middle, engages with both

Answer 58

Friends vs. Peers - Peer pressure comes from friends more than peers Popularity - Increased risk for substance use - Not dependent

Answer 59

- Policies: enacted to decrease behavior - Programs: tools/knowledge to prevent substance use

Answer 60

- Care about health of all impacted - Want decreased use - e.g. restrict sales hours

Answer 61

- Don’t care about quantity of use, just wan’t decreased harm - Laws on driving and B.A.C. leads to decreased harm

Answer 62

Marketed Programs - Marketing w/o data - ex: D.A.R.E Evidence-Based Programs - Uses data and works to inform - Not scary and intimidating - Teaches refusal skills

Answer 63

- Life-Course Persistent - Adolescent Limited

Answer 64

- Behavior is bad and gets worse through life - Can be due to neurological problems and high risk environments

Answer 65

- No high risk environment - Externalizing problems

Answer 66

Method - Measures talk of rule breaking and the depth/time of convo - Example: long convo about stealing, how it was done, etc. Results - Higher in boys than girls - Higher in persistently antisocial individuals compared to normative

Answer 67

Early Iatrogenic Effects are opposite of what you want Peer Contagion: someone did this, learn how to do it + outdo them Other reasons: ex. A lot of arrests

Answer 68

Prevented by family, school, community, etc.

Answer 69

Ability to avoid risk

Answer 70

Intelligence - Higher intelligence buffers potential for risk Adult Relationship - Adult mentor helps to avoid risk School Climate - “Parenting style” of school - Support/rules lead to decreased risk Religious Effects - Increased practice/faith can help decrease risk - Offers support

Answer 71

Graduate Driver Licensing - Drivers Ed: certain restrictions can be bypassed if completed - Driving Curfews: can drive til 9 when 17, increases when 18 - Zero Tolerance: warning/citations, substance/alcohol use causes instance loss of license

Answer 72

National Minimum Drinking Age Act - Public Health Policy as it decreases access - Ties some Federal Funds to change - Less Traffic Fatalities for those under 20 - Didn’t change quantity of drinking

Exam 3 Flashcards

(96 cards)