Exam 3

Question 1

What is the purpose of qualitative research? (4)

Answer 1

• Make sense of reality
• Describe and explain social world
• Develop explanatory models and theories
• Develop description of phenomenon

Question 2

What are the 5 qualitative approaches?

Answer 2

narrative inquiry, ethnography, phenomenology, case study, grounded theory

Question 3

What is narrative inquiry?

Answer 3

focuses on stories of individuals to bring understanding to the lived experiences of people
- stories can represent a broader social experience in society
- can breathe meaning into experiences
- takes into account both what people tell us and how their shared realities are constructed
- pulls themes from stories

Question 4

What is ethnography?

Answer 4

asks questions pertaining to understanding culture
- describing and interpreting shared attributes of a cultural group
- immersed in culture or exploring sub-cultures within physical activity, sport and exercise

Question 5

What is culture?

Answer 5

beliefs, behaviours, norms, attitudes, social arrangements that form patterns in the lives of group members
- culture of our groups impact what we think, think and do
- A group of 2 or more people who interact with one another, share similar attributes and collectively have a sense of unity and togetherness

Question 6

What is phenomenology?

Answer 6

Investigation of a phenomenon or concept
- Phenomenon refers to the occurrence of an event or situation, often unique ones
- Capture how a phenomenon is perceived by a participant
- Supports investigation into the meaning people give the experiences they have instead of looking solely for explanations

Question 7

What is a case study?

Answer 7

Examining the complexity and distinctiveness of a case within an important circumstance or event
- Used to look at individuals or groups
- Bound by place and time
- Produces detailed description of the case
- relative age effect

Question 8

What is grounded theory?

Answer 8

Generation and analysis of data to create a theory
- comparing data against each other to find differences and similarities

Question 9

How do you sample for qualitative data?

Answer 9

recruit people who can help you answer the research question
- still have inclusion criteria
- sample can include individuals, organizations, schools, teams

Question 10

What are the different kinds of sampling? (4)

Answer 10

Purposeful sampling, extreme case sampling, maximum variation sampling, snowball sampling

Question 11

What is purposeful sampling?

Answer 11

Recruiting a sample of information-rich participants who will inform an understanding of the topic being studied

Question 12

What is extreme case sampling?

Answer 12

Recruiting participants who are outliers in a topic
ex. NBA players who are below 5’8”

Question 13

What is maximum variation sampling?

Answer 13

Recruiting participants who have a wide range of experiences and perspectives on a topic

Question 14

What is snowball sampling?

Answer 14

Participants identify other participants that fit the purpose of the study to recruitment inclusion criteria

Question 15

What do you need in a sample size?

Answer 15

Attempt to generalize to a larger population
- Goal is to provide an in-depth description an understanding of the topic being examined
- Smaller samples compared to quantitative
- Saturation - recruitment until no or very little new info is coming forward through data generation

Question 16

What are the 4 types of qualitative data?

Answer 16

Documents - journals, meeting minutes
Audiovisual material - videos, blogs, websites
Observations - noting a phenomenon in the field setting through senses of the observer
Interviews - can be structured, semi-structured, conversational, one-on-one, focus group, face-to-face, telephone, internet

Question 17

What is bias in qualitative research?

Answer 17

deviation from the truth in data collection, data analysis, interpretation leading to false conclusions
- don’t try to control for bias in qualitative, we acknowledge and address it

Question 18

What is positionality?

Answer 18

researchers can minimize bias by disclosing their opinions and thoughts on a topic along with their worldview
- Used to state the researchers viewpoint within the social and political context of the study

Question 19

What is credibility?

Answer 19

Internal validity of qualitative research
- related to congruence of qualitative findings with the lived world of the consumers of the research
- does it add up, does it seem truthful or trustful

Question 20

How to increase credibility?

Answer 20

Adoption of well-established research methods, development of early familiarity with the culture of participating organizations/community, random sampling of individuals to serve as informants, ensure honesty, etc.

Question 21

What is transferability?

Answer 21

External validity of qualitative research
- Concerned with the degree to which results can be applied to other settings

Question 22

What is dependability?

Answer 22

most similar to reliability
- main difference - goal is not to replicate study and achieve same result but to repeat study with understanding that results will be different due to different time

Question 23

What is confirmability?

Answer 23

objectivity
- ensuring works findings are the result of the experiences and ideas of the informants rather than the characteristics and preferences of the reader

Question 24

What is knowledge mobilization?

Answer 24

umbrella term encompassing a wide range of activities relating to the production and use of research results
- making evidence accessible, understandable, and useful for knowledge users

Question 25

What 3 things does KM do?

Answer 25

raises awareness and prompts change, brings people together, puts knowledge into action

Question 26

How does KM raise awareness and prompt change?

Answer 26

- draws attention to issues that matter - improves the ways in which knowledge is shared and helps bring about more effective and sustainable change - can lead to changes in perspectives or behaviour, can prompt cultural shifts within organization or sector, can inform research and help improve client care and outcomes

Question 27

How does KM bring people together?

Answer 27

- we value relationships with mutual benefit - empowers people to cooperate, collaborate and share knowledge about an area of common interest - promotes fruitful conversations between those who create knowledge and those who use knowledge with a shared desire to solve problems - can help us better understand each other's perspectives, experiences, language and needs - helps bring people together to work as a team

Question 28

How does KM put knowledge into action?

Answer 28

-communicating what you learned with those who can act upon is powerful - when we're slow to use knowledge, it loses its power - Help ensure that what we do is based on the best evidence available by keeping us connected to research and other sources on info - bridges the gap between what is known or available and what is done or used - gets the right info into the hands of those who can use it to improve outcomes

Question 29

What are the 5 considerations for planning KM?

Answer 29

what, why, who, how, when (measure)

Question 30

Why is it hard to change behaviours?

Answer 30

default or status quo bias, tendency to stick with what we do or know, requires person to disrupt a current habit, fostering a new possibly unfamiliar set of actions, takes time, etc.

Question 31

What is message tailoring?

Answer 31

presenting information in a manner that best fits an individuals needs and characteristics - increases message prominence and the impact of the message on behaviour - include specific identifying characteristics of the individual - groups segmented by demographic characteristics

Question 32

What are sticky ideas?

Answer 32

SUCCES Simple - simple is easier to understand Unexpected - catching audience off guard with something unexpected will make it memorable Concrete - concrete over abstract Credible - message will have more impact Emotional - more memorable Stories -