Exam 3

Question 1

What is animal health?

Answer 1

The physiological well-being of an animal, beyond the presence or absence of infectious disease.

Question 2

What factors affect animal health?

Answer 2

Infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases, stress, nutrition, temperature, sanitation, water availability, shelter, and animal density.

Question 3

What does a healthy animal look like?

Answer 3

Bright eyes, smooth coat, ears/head up, and it stays with the herd/flock.

Question 4

What does an unhealthy animal look like?

Answer 4

Listlessness, rough coat, drooping head, dull eyes, arched back, and separation from the group.

Question 5

Define mortality and morbidity in animal health.

Answer 5

Mortality: Death loss. Morbidity: Diseased or unhealthy condition.

Question 6

What is a zoonotic disease?

Answer 6

A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

Question 7

Name three zoonotic diseases.

Answer 7

Lyme disease, rabies, and anthrax.

Question 8

What are methods of animal treatment?

Answer 8

Topically, orally, intra-nasally, subcutaneously (under the skin), intramuscularly, intravenously, and more.

Question 9

What are common internal parasites?

Answer 9

Strongyles, roundworms, tapeworms, lungworms, and liver flukes.

Question 10

What are common external parasites?

Answer 10

Ticks, lice, mites, flies, and horse bots.

Question 11

What is grass tetany, and how can it be prevented?

Answer 11

A magnesium deficiency in blood causing convulsions and death; prevented by supplementing magnesium and avoiding immature grass grazing.

Question 12

What is bloat, and how is it treated?

Answer 12

Excess gas in the rumen; treated with walking, mineral oil, or stomach tubing.

Question 13

What is colic in horses, and what are its symptoms?

Answer 13

Abdominal pain; symptoms include rolling, kicking, sweating, and distended abdomen.

Question 14

What is milk fever, and how is it treated?

Answer 14

A calcium deficiency during lactation; treated with calcium injections.

Question 15

What is white muscle disease, and how is it prevented?

Answer 15

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency; prevented by supplementing diets with these nutrients.

Question 16

What is hardware disease, and how can it be prevented?

Answer 16

Ingestion of sharp objects causing internal damage; prevented by keeping pastures clear and using magnets in feed.

Question 17

What is the role of proper sanitation in animal health?

Answer 17

Prevents diseases by providing clean bedding, feed, water, and equipment.

Question 18

How can stress be minimized in animals?

Answer 18

Proper housing, nutrition, handling, and separating ill animals.

Question 19

Why are vaccinations important?

Answer 19

Prevent diseases and reduce reliance on antibiotics.

Question 20

Name common vaccines for dogs.

Answer 20

Rabies, parvo, distemper, and leptospirosis.

Question 21

Name common vaccines for cats.

Answer 21

Rabies, FVRCP (herpes, calici, panleukopenia), and feline leukemia.

Question 22

What vital signs indicate an animal’s health?

Answer 22

Temperature, pulse rate, and respiration rate.

Question 23

What are symptoms of respiratory distress in animals?

Answer 23

Labored breathing, nasal discharge, coughing, and fever.

Question 24

What are symptoms of internal parasite infestation?

Answer 24

Dull coat, weight loss, diarrhea, and fever.

Question 25

What daily observations should producers make?

Answer 25

Eating/drinking habits, movement, and behavior (e.g., isolation or aggressiveness).

Question 26

What are common viral diseases?

Answer 26

Rabies, porcine parvovirus, bluetongue, and foot-and-mouth disease.

Question 27

What are common bacterial diseases?

Answer 27

Leptospirosis, brucellosis, pinkeye, and foot rot.

Question 28

What are common fungal diseases?

Answer 28

Ringworm and facial eczema.

Question 29

What is ringworm, and how is it treated?

Answer 29

A zoonotic fungal disease causing lesions and hair loss; treated with antifungal ointments.

Question 30

What is coccidiosis, and how is it prevented?

Answer 30

A protozoan infection causing diarrhea and fever; prevented with proper sanitation.

Question 31

What is hypotrichosis?

Answer 31

A genetic condition causing hairlessness in cattle.

Question 32

What is cryptorchidism, and how can it be prevented?

Answer 32

Failure of one or both testicles to descend; prevented by removing affected animals from breeding.

Question 33

What is spider lamb syndrome?

Answer 33

A genetic skeletal deformity in lambs; prevented by DNA testing breeding animals.

Question 34

What are the primary functions of the female reproductive system?

Answer 34

To produce eggs, serve as a receptacle for the penis, and house/nourish the fetus until birth.

Question 35

What is the vulva's function in female anatomy?

Answer 35

External portion of the reproductive tract, protects against infection, receives the penis during copulation, and serves as a passageway for urine.

Question 36

What are the roles of the vagina?

Answer 36

Serves as the receptacle for the penis during copulation, acts as the birth canal, and expels liquid waste.

Question 37

What is the uterus, and how does its shape vary among species?

Answer 37

Consists of horns and a body, site of embryonic growth, placental and fetal development. Shape varies; e.g., sow has a long uterus, mare has a short one.

Question 38

What do the ovaries produce?

Answer 38

Eggs and female hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

Question 39

What are the functions of a follicle?

Answer 39

Holds the ovum, produces/stores estrogen, and signals the reproductive tract for ovulation.

Question 40

What is the role of the corpus luteum (CL)?

Answer 40

Forms after ovum release, produces progesterone, and maintains pregnancy conditions.

Question 41

What is ovulation?

Answer 41

Release of an ovum from the follicle into the oviduct for potential fertilization.

Question 42

What is the difference between estrus and estrous?

Answer 42

Estrus: period of heat/receptivity to males (verb). Estrous: the entire reproductive cycle (adjective).

Question 43

What defines puberty in females?

Answer 43

Age at first estrus, ovulation, or when pregnancy can be maintained.

Question 44

What are the two phases of the estrous cycle?

Answer 44

Follicular phase: regression of CL to ovulation. Luteal phase: ovulation to CL regression.

Question 45

What are the categories of estrous cycle frequency?

Answer 45

Monoestrus: one cycle/year (e.g., dogs). Polyestrus: regular cycles year-round (e.g., cattle). Seasonally polyestrus: cycles depend on daylight length (e.g., horses).

Question 46

What are the stages of the estrous cycle?

Answer 46

Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus.

Question 47

What hormones are involved in the reproductive process, and what are their roles?

Answer 47

FSH: stimulates follicles. LH: triggers ovulation. Progesterone: maintains pregnancy. Estrogen: prepares reproductive tract.

Question 48

What is gestation, and how does it support the fetus?

Answer 48

Period of pregnancy where the fetus develops in the uterus, supported by nutrients and oxygen via the placenta.

Question 49

What occurs during parturition?

Answer 49

Birth process involving dilation of the cervix, uterine contractions, and delivery of the fetus.

Question 50

What are the reproductive cycle statistics for cows?

Answer 50

Estrus: 18 hours avg. Estrous Cycle: 21 days avg. Ovulation: 4-16 hours post estrus. Gestation: 283 days.

Question 51

What are the reproductive cycle statistics for sows?

Answer 51

Estrus: 2 days avg. Estrous Cycle: 21 days avg. Ovulation: 16-48 hours post estrus onset. Gestation: 114 days.

Question 52

How do poultry reproductive systems differ from mammals?

Answer 52

Poultry lack an estrous cycle, have one functional ovary/oviduct, and ovulate every 25-29 hours.

Question 53

What are the parts of the oviduct in poultry?

Answer 53

Funnel: receives yolk. Magnum: secretes egg white. Isthmus: adds membranes. Uterus: adds outer shell. Vent: opening where egg is laid.