Exam 3 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?
A
- Centers for vision and equilibrium appear in brain
- Development of musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax
- Head held upright
- Disc height becomes A>P
2
Q
Age when infant holds head upright
A
3-4 months after birth
3
Q
Location for the cervical kyphosis?
A
between occiput and C1
4
Q
The vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and cervical enlargement?
A
Cervical curve C2-T1; cervical enlargement C3-T1
5
Q
Infant activities associated with the development of the lumbar curve?
A
crawling and walking
6
Q
Developmental events indicated in formation of the adult lumbar curve?
A
- Crawling will cause abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
- Muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
- Disc height will become greater A>P
- Walking promotes further muscle and disc devt.
7
Q
Time of appearance of the lateral curves?
A
6 y/o
8
Q
Relationship between curve direction and handedness?
A
Right handed person has high probability of right thoracic, left lumbar curve combo
9
Q
Clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vert column? (3)
A
military neck, humpback/hunchback, swayback
10
Q
What is military neck?
A
decreased anterior curve in cervical region, straight neck
11
Q
What is swayback?
A
increase anterior curve in lumbar region
12
Q
What are the curve classifications for military neck?
A
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
13
Q
What are the curve classifications for swayback?
A
a lordosis or hyperlordotic curve
14
Q
What are the curve classifications for hunchback?
A
a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve
15
Q
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?
A
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, and structural/non-structural
16
Q
What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?
A
Cobb Method
17
Q
Based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?
A
infantile, juvenile, and adolescent
18
Q
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of INFANTILE idiopathic scoliosis.
A
left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence
19
Q
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of JUVENILE idiopathic scoliosis.
A
right thoracic, females over 6yo, 12-21% incidence
20
Q
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of ADOLESCENT idiopathic scoliosis.
A
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence
21
Q
What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening?
A
the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen
22
Q
Erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles? (3)
A
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
23
Q
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates & inserts on ribs?
A
iliocostalis thoracis
24
Q
Name the transversospinalis muscles
A
semispinalis, multifidus, rotators
25
How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?
As many as 9 vertebrae
26
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?
transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 & articular processes of C4-C7
27
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?
transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 & articular processes of C4-C6
28
The semispinalis capitis and spinals capitis may fuse to form what muscle?
biventer cervicis
29
Which muscle(s) is representative of muscle layer 2 in the neck?
splenius cervicis, splenius capitis
30
Which muscle(s) is representative of muscle layer 3 in the neck?
semispinalis capitis, spinalis capitis
31
Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?
multifidis
32
Which molecules of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination?
Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum and multifidis lumborum
33
Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?
obliquus capitis inferior
34
What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?
C2 spinous process and lamina
35
An increase in the density of the muscle spindles is most apparent in which sub occipital muscle?
obliquus capités inferior
36
Suboccipital muscle feedback relays to what additional locations in the brain?
Extraocular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex and vestibular nuclei
37
What is the proposed function of the sub occipital muscle group?
postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
38
Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?
Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
39
Which of the cervical intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves?
posterior medial belly, cervical intertransversarii
40
What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii?
- accessory and mammillary processes of L1-L4
41
Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of lumbar spinal nerves?
Medial belly, lumbar intertransversarii
42
Based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?
Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
43
What is the insertion of the middle scalene?
Between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib.
44
What is the insertion of the posterior scalene?
Outer surface of second rib
45
The quadratus lumborum is implicated in the formation of which ligament?
the iliolumbar ligament
46
What are the possible locations of BIPOLAR neurons?
The nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa's ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion
47
What are the possible locations of PSEUDOUNIPOLAR neurons?
any sensory ganglion other than those of the 8th cranial nerve
48
What are the examples of MULTIPOLAR neurons?
- Stellate neurons, the motor neurons of brain & spinal cord
- Pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex
- Protection neurons/Golgi type I Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex
- Local circuit neurons or Golgi type II granule cells of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and neurons of the motor ganglia
49
What od chemoreceptors monitor?
hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels
hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels
elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH
50
What is the site or location for chemoreceptors?
a glomus or body
51
What do baroreceptors monitor?
they monitor blood pressure by evaluating stretch or tension along the length of the receptor ending
52
What is the site or location for baroreceptors?
specialized vascular sinuses
53
What are the examples of exteroceptors?
a) general or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings
b) special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste
54
What are the examples of proprioceptors?
Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints
55
Where will the interoceptors be located?
in viscera, glands, and blood vessels
56
What are examples of interoceptors?
free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
57
What are the examples of epidermal nerve endings?
Palisade nerve endings, Merkels cell endings, Ruffini corpuscles or Ruffini nerve endings
58
What is the example of tactile corpuscles?
Meissner's corpuscles
59
Which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?
Lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles
60
What is the example of the neurotendinous nerve ending?
Golgi tendon organs
61
What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?
Peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers
62
Contrast the sensory ganglion with the motor ganglion.
Sensory ganglia contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies and lack synapses; motor ganglia contain secondary motor neuron cell bodies and always demonstrate synapses
63
What is another rename for a sensory neuron?
afferent neuron
64
What are the parts of a primary sensory neuron?
sensory receptor ending, peripheral sensory process, perikaryon, central sensory process, synaptic ending
65
Where is the cell body of a primary sensory neuron located?
in the sensory ganglion
66
What is the region in the encephalon where central sensory processes synapse?
nucleus of termination
67
What is the location for secondary sensory neurons in the encephalon?
nucleus of termination
68
What is the location for secondary sensory neurons in the spinal cord?
dorsal horn
69
Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?
oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve (VI), hypoglossal (VII)
70
Muscles derived from the branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?
trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (XII)
71
What peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin?
oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), spinal nerves T10T12, L1, L2, and S2-S4)
72
Identify the type of motor pathway associated withe ash type of muscle
- somatic and branchial motor pathways terminate on skeletal muscle
- autonomic/involuntary/visceral pathways terminate on smooth and cardiac muscle
73
What are the subdivisions of the visceral division of the peripheral nervous system?
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
74
What is the region in the central nervous system where sympathetic efferent neuron cell bodies for spinal nerves are located?
lateral horn of T1-T12, L1, L2 cord levels
75
What is the comparative length of the axons associated with the sympathetic efferent pathway?
- preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are relatively short
- postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are relatively long
76
What cells derived form the neural crest were emphasized in class?
secondary sympathetic efferent neurons and adrenal medulla chromaffin cells
77
Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?
oculomotor, facial , glossopharyngeal, vagus
78
Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which spinal nerves?
spinal nerves S2-S4
79
What is the comparative length of the axons associated with parasympathetic efferent pathways?
```
preganglionic = long
postganglionic = short
```
80
What is the name given to a neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?
cholinergic; acetylcholine
81
What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?
somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons
82
Will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain?
no
83
What are the target organs for branchial efferents or somatic efferents?
skeletal muscles
84
What are the ultimate target organs for parasympathetic efferents?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and specialized cells
85
which cranial nerves have sensory pathways that are atypical of the majority of sensory pathways?
olfactory (CNI), optic (CNII), and trigeminal (CNV)
86
What do somatic afferents monitor?
pain, temperature, light touch, and proprioception
87
What do visceral afferents monitor?
baroreception, chemoreception, sensation from viscera
88
What do special visceral afferents monitor?
olfaction and taste
89
CNI is an example of which classification of sensory pathway?
special visceral afferent
90
What is the site for the detection of smell?
the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity
91
What is the morphological classification of the primary sensory neuron of CNI?
bipolar neuron
92
What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron?
it's an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia.
93
What do central processes of CNI bundle together to form?
fila olfactoria
94
What forms the true olfactory nerve?
fila olfactoria
95
What forms the classic olfactory nerve.
olfactory bulb and olfactory tract
96
What is the exit site for CNI
cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
97
Secondary afferent neuron cell bodies of CNI are primarily located in what structure?
olfactory bulb
98
What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of CNI?
olfactory glomerulus's
99
What is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of CNI
mitral cell
100
CNII is an example of which classification of sensory pathway?
special sensory
101
What are the receptor neurons of the second cranial nerve (optic)?
rod and cone photoreceptor cells
102
Function of rod cell
provide vision in dim light
103
Function of cone cell
provide vision in bright light and mediate color vision
104
Most numerous photoreceptor cell
rods
105
What is the primary afferent neuron of CNII
bipolar cell
106
Where are the primary sensory neurons of CNII
ganglion cell
107
What forms the optic nerve?
axons of ganglion cells
108
What is the exit site for CNII
optic canal of sphenoid bone
109
The optic nerve will enter which fossa of the cranial vault?
middle cranial fossa
110
What occurs at the optic chiasm?
part of the optic nerve decussates
111
What part of the visual pathway connects the optic chasm to the brain
the optic tract
112
axons carried in CNII will synapse in what specific location?
lateral geniculate nucleus
113
what is the location for territory neurons of the visual pathway
Primary visual cortex, calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
114
At it's apparent origin, CNIII conveys which classifications of neural pathways?
somatic efferent pathway and visceral efferent pathway
115
What is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for CNIII
oculomotor nuclear complex
116
what is the location of the apparent origin of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII)
the midbrain
117
The apparent origin of CNIII is first observed in which cranial fossa?
the posterior cranial fossa
118
From which cranial fossa will CNIII exit the cranial vault?
middle cranial fossa
119
What is the exit from the cranial vault for CNIII (oculomotor)?
superior orbital fissure, sphenoid bone
120
Which extrinsic muscles of the eye are innervated by CNIII?
medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, inferior oblique
121
Which non-ocular muscle is innervated by CNIII
levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid
122
Which visceral efferent pathway is conveyed in the oculomotor nerve?
a parasympathetic motor pathway
123
Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in CNIII originate from which nucleus?
accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
124
What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of CNIII?
ciliary ganglion
125
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of CNIII are carried ins which nerve?
short ciliary nerve
126
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of CNIII synapse in what targets?
sphincter pupillae & ciliaris intrinsic eye muscles
127
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in CNIII will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?
opthalmic division of trigeminal
128
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in CNIII travel to pseudounipolar sensory neuron cells bodies located in what ganglion?
Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion
129
Central sensory processes from the Gasserian ganglion are conveyed to the pons in what structure?
the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve
130
The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve will have an apparent origin from what part of the encephalon?
the pons
131
Typically primary afferent neurons of CNIII located in the semilunar ganglion will synapse in what nucleus?
spinal trigeminal nucleus
132
Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons?
mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
133
In the somatic origin CNIV conveys which classification of neural pathways?
somatic efferent pathway
134
In the somatic afferent pathway of CNIII, neurons within the mesencephalic nucleus may synapse at what locations?
oculomotor nuclear complex or spinal trigeminal nerve
135
What is the location for multipolar somatic efferent neurons of CNIV?
trochlear motor nucleus
136
Somatic efferent fibers from the left nucleus of CNIV will have an apparent origin from which side?
right side
137
What are the 2 unique features of the trochlear nerve?
1. Apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain
| 2. Decussate within the midbrain from its nucleus
138
The right trochlear nerve will innervate which side target muscle?
the right side
139
The trochlear nerve will originate in which cranial fossa?
the posterior cranial fossa
140
The trochlear nerve exits the cranial vault by way of which opening?
superior orbital fissure; sphenoid bone
141
Somatic efferent fibers from the trochlear nerve will innervate which muscles?
Superior oblique extrinsic muscle of the eye
142
Does the apparent origin of CNIV contain somatic afferent fibers?
no
143
What part of the trochlear nerve contains somatic afferent fibers?
only the distal part of the nerve
144
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the trochlear nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?
opthalmic division of trigeminal
145
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the trochlear nerve travel to pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?
Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion or trigeminal ganglion
146
Trigeminal nerve is functionally referred to as the _____
great sensory nerve of the face
147
Trigeminal arises from what part of brain?
pons
148
Apparent origin of trigeminal is in what cranial fossa?
posterior cranial fossa
149
Identify each branch of trigeminal nerve arising from its ganglion.
Opthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
150
What is the exit site from the cranial vault for each division of the trigeminal nerve?
opthalmic nerve -- superior orbital fissure
maxillary nerve -- foramen rotundum
mandibular nerve -- foramen ovale
151
What location will each branch of the trigeminal pass into upon exit from the cranial vault?
opthalmic nerve -- orbit
maxillary nerve -- pterygopalatine region
mandibular nerve -- infratemporal region
152
The motor root of cranial nerve V will join which division?
mandibular nerve
153
At its apparent origin, trigeminal nerve conveys which classifications of neural pathways?
somatic afferent pathway and branchial efferent pathway
154
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve contain somatic afferent pathways?
all three
155
Central sensory processes carried in the trigeminal nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location?
mainly in the principal sensory nucleus; some in the trigeminal spinal nucleus
156
Branchial efferent fibers arise from multipolar neurons in what nucleus?
trigeminal motor nucleus
157
the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve exits the cranial vault via which opening and enters into what region of the head?
the foramen ovale; the infratemporal region
158
What muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the trigeminal nerve?
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, ANTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini
159
What are the names of the muscles of mastication?
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid
160
Peripheral sensory processes from receptors located in the muscles of mastication are conveyed in which branch of the trigeminal nerve?
mandibular division of trigeminal
161
Afferent neurons within the mesencephalic nucleus that are associated with sensation from the muscles of mastication will synapse at what locations?
trigeminal motor nucleus or spinal trigeminal nucleus
