Exam 3 Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
control system which uses chemical messengers called hormones
A
endocrine system
2
Q
- Consists of widely scattered endocrine glands
- Regulates important processes in the body
A
endocrine system
3
Q
major processes regulated by endocrine system
A
- Reproduction
- Growth and development
- Mobilization of body defenses
- Maintenance of electrolytes and water balance
- Cellular metabolism and energy balance
4
Q
- ________- leptin
o Regulates food intake
o Suppresses appetite
A
Adipose tissue
5
Q
- _______- gastrin, secretin
o Stimulates movements and secretions of digestive system
A
Digestive system
6
Q
- ______- erythropoietin
o Stimulates red blood cell production
A
kidneys
7
Q
- _________– ANP
o Decreases sodium reabsorption by kidneys and lowers BP and BV
A
Heart
8
Q
____-vitamin D
A
skin, liver, kidney
9
Q
- ________- hCG, estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandins
o hCG- hormone of pregnancy
o Prostaglandins- labor contraction
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placenta
10
Q
carried by blood, act on distant target cells
A
- Circulating hormones (long distance hormones) -
11
Q
- are ductless
- secrete into interstitial fluid
A
endocrine glands
12
Q
do not circulate in blood
A
- Local Horemons
13
Q
target neighboring cells
- prostaglandins
- interleukin-2
A
paracrines
14
Q
target the same cells that made the hormones
- interleukin- 2
A
autocrines
15
Q
chemical classes of hormones
A
- Lipid soluble
- Water soluble
- Eicosanoids
16
Q
steroids and thyroid hormone
A
Lipid-soluble
17
Q
amines (modified single amino acid) , peptides (short chains of amino acids), and proteins (large molecules made of amino acids)
A
water-soluble
18
Q
(usually local hormones) - made from arachidonic acid (fatty acid) , released from cell membranes
a. Ex. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes (local inflammation)
A
Eicosanoids
19
Q
Ovaries (estrogen)
Testes (testosterone)
Adrenal cortex
A
steroids
20
Q
insulin and growth hormone
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proteins
21
Q
use Direct Gene Activation- can diffuse across cell membranes
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- Lipid- soluble hormones
22
Q
use Second Messenger Activation- can not cross cell membranes
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- Water-soluble hormone
23
Q
Direct Gene Activation by Lipid-Soluble hormones:
A
- Hormone diffuses through plasma membrane
- Binds to receptor inside the target cell
- Transcription of a specific gene
- New protein is made by cell (translation)
24
Q
Second Messenger Activation by Water-Soluble hormones:
A
- Hormone (1st messenger) binds to receptor on target cell surface
- This causes a 2nd messenger to be made inside the cell
a. Example: cyclic AMP
- 2nd messenger activates protein kinase
- Protein kinase activates a protein
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responds to an imbalance in the body fluid
o Ex. Parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
o Hypothalamus secretes ADH
- Humoral stimulus-
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responds to the nervous system
o Ex. CNS stimulates Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Neural stimulus-
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responds to a hormone from another endocrine gland
o Ex. Pituitary gland makes TSH -targets thyroid gland
o Pituitary gland makes ACTH – targets adrenal gland
- Hormonal stimulus (most common) -
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makes water-soluble hormones
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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bundle of axons in the central nervous system
tract
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o The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract is the neural connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
- Neurohypophysis- posterior pituitary and infundibulum
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o The hypophyseal portal vein is the vascular connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
- Adenohypophysis- anterior pituitary
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The hypothalamus makes 2 hormones that are sent by the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary:
ADH and Oxytocin
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o Effect: Increases facultative water reabsorption, kidenys produce small volume of concentrated urine.
o Stimulus: humoral stimulus (dehydration) osmolarity goes up
ADH
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o Effect: Stimulates labor contractions, milk is released from mammary glands
oxytocin
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Then these 2 hormones are secreted into the blood from the posterior pituitary
oxytocin and ADH
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The hypothalamus makes hormones that are transported by the hypophyseal portal veins to the anterior pituitary:
- releasing hormones (RH)
- inhibiting hormones (IH)
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o Effect: hormonally stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete a specific hormone
releasing hormone (RH)
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o Effect: hormonally inhibits the anterior pituitary from secreting a specific hormone
inhibiting hormone (IH)
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Water-soluble hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary in response to ____or ____secreted from the hypothalamus:
RH and IH
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effect:
stimulates growth, development of body cells
Growth Hormone (GH)
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effect:
stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the thyroid hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete many steroids
ACTH
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stimulates production of gametes (egg, sperm)
FSH- targets ovaries, testis
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stimulates production of sex hormones
LH- targets ovaries, testis
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stimulates mammary glands to produce and store breastmilk
prolactin
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a. Largest major endocrine gland
b. Stores 2-3 months of thyroglobulin- storage form of thyroid hormone
c. TH is the body’s main metabolic hormone
thyroid gland
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The thyroid gland consists of 2 different kins of hormone-secreting cells:
- Follicular cells-make, store, and secrete TH (lipid-soluble hormone)
o Stimulus: hormonal stimulus by TSH
- Parafollicular cells- make calcitonin (water soluble)
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Thyroid hormone is a mixture of T3 and T4:
- T3 (triiodothyronine) has 3 iodines attached to cross-linked tyrosine
- T4 (thyroxine) has 4 iodines attached to cross-linked tyrosines
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· Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)- rate of energy use during rest
· Maintains BP
· Regulates normal growth and development
effects of TH (t3 and t4)
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· Secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid glands
o Effect: lowers blood Ca+2
o Stimulus: humoral stimulus (too much calcium in blood)
- not called thyroid hormone even though secreted by the thyroid gland
Calcitonin is a water-soluble hormone
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- secretes water-soluble parathyroid hormone (PTH)
o Effect: raises blood calcium
o Stimulus: Humoral stimulus (too little calcium in blood) (low blood calcium)
parathyroid gland
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respond to stressors- Ex: being sick (physical stress) (emotional stress)
adrenal glands
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- secretes steroids- helps with long term stressors
o Stimulus: hormonal stimulus by ACTH(AC=adrenal cortex)
Adrenal cortext
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secretes water-soluble hormones- helps with short term stressors
o Stimulus: Neural stimulus by sympathetic
Adrenal medulla
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secretes mineralocorticoids (regulate mineral and water balance), mainly Aldosterone (most abundant).
§ Effects: increase in sodium reabsorption, increase blood volume increase blood pressure
- Zona glomerulosa
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secrets glucocorticoids (regulates energy balance), mainly cortisol.
§ Effects: Regulates blood glucose (sugar), high levels suppress immune system
- Zona fasciculata
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secretes gonadocorticoids (affect gonads (ovaries, testes), mainly weak androgens.
§ Effects: stimulates onset of puberty
Zona reticularis
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adrenal medulla secretes was and what are the effects
- Epinephrine
o Effects: blood glucose increase, heart rate increases, airways dilate
- Norepinephrine
o Effects: vasoconstriction, raises blood pressure
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(exocrine and endocrine gland):
o 99% of cells are acinar cells- produce digestive enzymes (exocrine)
o 1% of cells make water-soluble hormones that regulate blood glucose (endocrine):
- Alpha Cella
-Beta Cells
pancreas
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make glucagon
· Effects: raises blood glucose
Alpha cells (a)
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make insulin
- effects: lowers blood glucose
beta cells (b)
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secrete estrogen and progesterone (steroids)
ovaries
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secrete testosterone (steroid)
testes
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secretes water-soluble melatonin
o Effect: causes sleepiness, regulates sleep cycle
pineal gland
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secretes water-soluble thymic hormones
o Effects: stimulates normal development of t-cells
thymus
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Hyper- or Hyposecretion of hormones cause imbalances
- Hypersecretion- over secretion
- Hyposecretion- under secretion
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ADH- lifelong or temporary- produces too much urine and isn’t able to retain water properly
diabetes
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growth hormone- life long- short stature
pituitary dwarfism
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growth hormone- abnormal growth in children stature, muscles, and organs- life long
Gigantism
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growth hormone- person's bones enlarge in hands, feet, and face
acromegaly
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thyroid hormone (affects a particular location)- insufficient iodine intake, lump in front of neck below Adams apple-
Endemic Goiter
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thyroid hormone- autoimmune disorder- heart complications, weak bones, muscle breakdown, fever confusion, fluid in lungs,
graves disease
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insulin- blood glucose level high, develop at any age but typically childhood
type I Diabetes mellitus
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resistant to insulin- chronic condition- increased thirst, high blood glucose, fatigue
Type II diabetes
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adrenal cortex (corticoids)- weight gain, too much cortisol in body
Cushing's syndrome
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damage to the adrenal cortex (corticoids) - fatigue, patches of dark skin, nausea
Addison's disease
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Production of gametes (egg, sperm)
Secretion of sex hormones
Production of offspring
Nurturing of offspring (females produce milk)
function of the reproductive system
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testes and ovaries (primary sex organs) – produce gametes and sex hormones
gonads
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ducts, glands, supporting structures
accessory reproductive organs
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male reproductive system consists of
Male gonads____
Accessory reproductive organs ______
testes
ducts – transport, storage, maturation of sperm
glands – secrete seminal fluid
supporting structures- penis, scrotum
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3 kinds of cells are present in the Testes
1. Seminiferous tubules are made of:
a) spermatogenic cells- produce sperm
b) Sertoli cells- nourish sperm cells
2. Leydig cells- produce testosterone
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Glands secrete seminal fluid into ducts during ejaculation:
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
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Process of sperm production
Takes place in seminiferous tubules of testes
Spermatogenesis
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having 2 sets of chromosomes
diploid (2n)
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having 1 set of chromosomes
haploid (n)
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Body cells are _______- in humans the diploid number is ___chromosomes/ ___pairs
diploid (2n), 46, 23
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Gametes are____- in humans, _____ chromsomes
haploid (n), 23
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cell division that produces haploid gametes
primary spermatocyte(2n)-> spermatids(n)
Meiosis
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spermatids(n)-> sperm(n)
spermiogenesis
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spermatogenesis takes place in _____
testes
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diploid or haploid:
Spermatogenesis- stem cell
Primary spermatocyte
diploid
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diploid or haploid:
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatids
Sperm
haploid
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stimulates the anterior pituitary- makes water soluble hormones –
GnRH
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Seroli cell makes ABP
FSH
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leydig cells make testosterone
LH
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Growth of repro organs
Male secondary sex characteristics
Stimulates spermatogenesis
Growth spurt
Sex drive
effects of testosterone
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female reproductive system
1. Female gonads – ovaries produce eggs and sex hormones
2. Accessory repro organs:
Ducts – Fallopian tubes, uterus (where egg implants and develops + responsible for labor contractions) , vagina
Mammary glands
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visceral layer of the peritoneum
perimetrium
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smooth muscle tissue- contracts during labor (hormones: oxytocin and prostaglandins)
myometrium
100
mucus membrane lining
a) stratum basalis-
b) stratum functionalis
endometrium
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permanent layer of endometrium
stratum basalis
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(hormones: estrogen and progesterone) - layer of endometrium that can undergo changes during mestral cycle
stratum functionalis
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Hormones dealing with milk:
- prolactin- milk production
- oxytocin- milk ejection/ release
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Process of egg formation
Takes place in the ovaries
Meiosis only
oogenesis
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oogenesis- 2n or n :
Oogonium
Primary oocyte
2n
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oogenesis- 2n or n:
Secondary oocyte
Polar body
Ovum/ egg
n
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Female Reproductive Cycle consists of 2 cycles occurring at the same time
The Ovarian Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle (or Uterine Cycle)
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ovarian cycle
28 day cycle
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day 1-14
growth o the follicle which secretes hormones
estrogen secreted
follicular phase
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days 15-28
corpus luteum secretes hormones
estrogen and progesterone secreted
luteal phase
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ovulation takes place on day
14
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Hormonal regulation of ovarian cycle:
1.____ stimulates FSH and LH secretion
GnRH
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Hormonal regulation of ovarian cycle:
1) GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
2) During Follicular phase (day 1-14):
a) ____stimulates follicle growth
b) __ stimulates follicle to secrete estrogens
c) ____ triggers ovulation
3) During Luteal phase (day 15-28)
LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrogen
& progesterone
a. FSH
b. LH
c. LH surge
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hormonal regulation of ovarian cycle
1) GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
2) During Follicular phase (day 1-14):
a) FSH stimulates follicle growth
b) LH stimulates follicle to secrete estrogens
c) LH surge triggers ovulation
3) During Luteal phase (day 15-28)
___ stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrogen
& progesterone
LH
115
the uterine cycle- 28 day cycle
day 1-5-> stratum functionalis breaks down and is shed
menstrual phase- no estrogen or progesterone
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the uterine cycle- 28 day cycle
day 6-14
Stratum functionalis thickens and becomes vascularized ( rebuilt)
Proliferative phase- estrogen
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the uterine cycle- 28 day cycle
day 15-28
Stratum functionalis thickens further , uterine glands secrete glycogen
Secretory phase- estrogen and progesterone
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Effects of Estrogens (estradiol, estrone, estriol)
Growth of repro organs
Female secondary sex characteristics
Growth spurt
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Effect of progesterone
Quiets the endometrium during pregnancy
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Estrogens & progesterone work together to:
Regulate the menstrual cycle
Prepare endometrium for implantation by fertilized egg
Prepare mammary glands for lactation
Maintain pregnancy
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begins at puberty
produces many sperm continuously
Spermatogenesis->4 sperm (has no cytoplasm)
spermatogenesis
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- begins before birth, stops in Meiosis I, resumes in puberty
- 1 oocyte ovulated per cycle
- Unequal division of cytoplasm:
Oogenesis-> 1 ovum (if fertilized) and up to 3 polar bodies
oogenesis
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– that which is conceived
conceptus
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fertilized egg (2n)
zygote
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from zygote to 8 weeks
embryo
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from 8 weeks to birth
fetus
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time from fertilization until birth (38 weeks)
pregnancy
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time from the first day of her last menstrual period until birth (40 weeks)
gestation period
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changes happening to the conceptions before birth
prenatal development
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1st trmester- 1st- 3rd month- 2nd tri- 4th to 6th month- 3rd tri- 7th- 9th
timester
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Takes place on day 14 of cycle
The secondary oocyte is ovulated
Secondary oocyte is surrounded by zona pellucida and the corona radiata ( some follicle cells surround the zona pellucida)
ovulation
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usually takes place in Fallopian tube
fertilization
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Before fertilization: happens to sperm inside female repro tract
____- sperm membrane worn down by secretions
_______- sperms acrosome releases digestive enzyme
Capacitation
Acrosomal reaction
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blocks to polyspermy
oogenesis is completed
after fertilization
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(day 4-5)– hollow ball of cells consists of:
blastocyst
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develops into the embryo/ fetus
inner cell mass
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allows the embryo to implant into the uterine wall
Secretes hCG
trophoblast
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on what days
Implantation
trophoblast secretes hCG
day 6-7
day 8
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causes corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone and estrogens (inhibits FSH & LH)
hCG
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is the first sign of pregnancy
missed menstrual cycle
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Corpus Luteum breaks down
- progesterone & estrogens decrease
Str. functionalis breaks down
Menstruation occurs in day1-5 of next cycle
no fertilization
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Embryo implants
Trophoblast secretes hCG
Corpus Luteum remains
Progesterone secreted
Estrogen secreted
Str. functionalis continues to thicken
Menstruation does not occur
fertilization
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what trimester
Trophoblast/chorionic villi secretes hCG
Corpus luteum secretes estrogens & progesterone
1st trimester
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what trimester:
Placenta secretes estrogens and progesterone
2nd and 3rd
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Site of nutrient, oxygen, waste exchange between mother and fetus
Secretes hormones (estrogen and progesterone) needed to sustain pregnancy
placenta
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Becomes functional beginning in 3rd month of pregnancy
Consists of:
decidua basalis- from mathernal's tissue
(trophoblasts) chorionic villi- from fetal tissue
Maternal & fetal blood do not mix
placenta
147
Primary germ layers in16 day old embryo:
Inner cell mass develops into->
Ectoderm- nervous system for embryo, epidermis
Mesoderm- forms connective tissue, muscle tissue
Endoderm- epithelieal linings of the digestive system and the respiratory system
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Embryonic membranes
Amnion- form amniotic sac
Yolk sac- form early blood cells
Allantois- forms base of umbilical cord
Chorion- fetal part of the placenta
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Fetal Development:
1st trimester- 1st- 3rd month
all organs develop
150
Fetal Development:
2nd trimester- 4th - 6th month
organs finish development
151
Fetal Development
3rd trimester- 7th to 9th month
organs become functional
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triggers labor contractions
oxytocin
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stimulate placenta to release prostaglandins
uterine contractions
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enhance contractions and oxytocin release
prostaglandins
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oxytocin and prostaglandins are a part of a
positive feedback mechanism
156
milk production by
prolactin
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milk ejection by
oxytocin
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oxytocin and prolactin are a part of a
positive feedback mechanism
