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GEO-103 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Fill in the blank answers

A
  1. Syncline
  2. Pyroclastic flow
  3. Disconformity (might be 4)
  4. Radial
  5. Rayleigh
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2
Q

Meandering river and oxbow lake

A
  1. Straight line
  2. Curved line (obstacle, water flow hits bank)
  3. full meander (building of sediments)
  4. Flooding or overflow puts in back to straight, creation of oxbow lake (separation)
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3
Q

Creep

A

slow downhill movement of material, only 1 degree is needed
- wet to dry
- frozen to thaw

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4
Q

Deformation

A

Translation (move over)
rotation (rotate)
distortion (creation of fold)

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5
Q

Types of fault strain

A

Stretching, shortening, sheer
Normal:
hanging wall slides down, due to stretching
Reverse:
Hanging wall moves up, due shortening

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6
Q

Types of failure

A

Brittle - less than 10km, fracture
- permanent
Ductile - more than 15km, plastic bending
- permanent

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7
Q

Earthquakes

A

Rapid release of energy due to tectonic stresses
Epicenter (surface)
Hypocenter (in the earth)

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8
Q

P & S waves

A

primary -
Compressional
fast
solid, liquid, gas
up and down movement
rayleigh
Secondary -
Solid
slow
side to side movement
love

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9
Q

intensity vs magnitude

A

intensity: degree of shaking (1-12)
magnitude: mercali intensity scale, amount of energy released

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10
Q

Final question - How are tectonics related to life (not death)?

A

Continental drift (wegner) Puzzle piece - Pangea
distribution of fossils: south america and africa
mid-ocean ridge: proof of activity -> new crust being created
strike/slip: accomodate sphere
Seafloor spreading

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11
Q

Difference in richter scale and moment magnitude (short answer)

A

Richter -
quickest estimate
california based
only good for that side of the world
poor for magnitudes over 5
Moment magnitude:
M0 = MAD (rock strength, area, displacement)
takes longer but more accurate
better for higher magnitude

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12
Q

examples of each fault type

A

transform - San Andreas (brittle)
Continental rift - East African Rift (basin + range)
collison zones - Alps + Himalayas
Intraplate setting - crustal weakness

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13
Q

Liquefactions

A

sediment hydrated w/ fluid to turn “hard rock” into quicksand behavior,
Water-saturated sediments turn into a mobile fluid, may crush buildings

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14
Q

Who is the father of modern geology?

A

James Hutton

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15
Q

Wind Waves v. Tsunami Waves

A

Wind waves
Impacted by wind
10s of KPH
break in shallow water
Tsunami Waves
Earthquakes
100s of KPH
Rasied plateau wave

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16
Q

Creation of Mountain

A

Orogenesis - mountains constructed by tectonic plate interaction

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17
Q

Orogenesis causes…

A

Bending, breaking, stretch, sheer

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18
Q

Deformation strain structures

A

Joints - Fractures that have no offset
Folds - layers that are bent by slow plastic flows
Faults - fractures that are offset
Foliation - Planar metamorphic fabric

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19
Q

Metamorphic alteration

A

Sand = Quartzite
Clay = Slate, phyllite, schist, or gneiss

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20
Q

Can we predict when earthquakes happen?

A

Earthquake interval can be predicted (happen every 30 years), but not the exact moment

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21
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Logical tools used to date relativity
-present is key to the past

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22
Q

Superposition

A

Rock above is younger

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23
Q

Original horizontally/ continuity

A

Grand canyon, rock layers match up w/ cut

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24
Q

Cross-cutting reltionships

A

dike/joints are younger

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25
Strain is the result of?
Deformation
26
Types of stress
Compressional - squeeze Tensional - pulling apart Shear - sliding past
27
Pressure?
Object feels the same stress on all sides
28
Compressional stress
Squeezing - greater stress in one direction
29
Strike/dip
strike - horizontal intersection w/ tilted surface dip - angle of surface
30
Monocline
folded carpet draped over a stairstep Hinge - tip of the fold
31
Folds form in two ways
Flexural folds - layers slip as rocks are bent - Analogous to shear as a deck of cards is bent Flow folds - form by ductile flow
32
Uplift
Mountains are compromised of marine sediments Supported by a thickened crust
33
Isostatic equillibrium
balance between weight above and below surface (thickened crust)
34
Orogenic collapse
Himalayas are maximum height, upper limit Erosion accelerates with height weight overwhelmed rock strength
35
Continental rifting
crust is uplifted in rift settings
36
Craton
crust that hasn't been deformed in a billion years low-geothermal gradiant - cool/strong crust Shield - outcropping precambrian ig/meta rock Platform - Shield covered in Phanerozoic strata
37
inclusions
older than surrounding rocks baked contacts - magma plume (fossils are helpful for this)
38
Unconformities
non-conformity: S/M or I disconformity: missing time (gneiss/breccia) Angular unconformity: mountains
39
What era are we in now?
cenozoic era, phanerozoic eon
40
What was the first era?
Hadean "hell" 4.6-3.8 bya
41
Bonus point: daughter vs parent isotope
Parent isotope dissolves (disappears, decays), daughter grows in place Parent experiences decay daughter is the product of decay
42
Radiometric dating
measuring age in relation to presence of short-life elements such as carbon 14
43
Oldest rock/mineral?
rock: 3.9 billion years old mineral: Zircon - 4.2 billion years old
44
Difference between fault and joint
movement makes it a fault
45
Thrust fault
Less than 30 degrees
46
Radioactive decay
isotopes (same # of protons, different neutrons) that spontaneously decay, isotopes may become radioactive
47
Examples of isotopes
Carbon 14, 1/1,000,000,000,000 Carbon 12 + 13 are stable
48
Parent to daughter isotope
Carbon 14 into Nitrogen 14 (stable)
49
half life
time for 1/2 unstable nuclei to decay 50%P + 50%D --> 1 half life
50
Decay types
Alpha - loses "helium" (2P, 2N) Mass down 4, # down 2 Beta decay - loses electron, turns N into P, # up one Electron capture - add electron to Nucleus, # down 1
51
Fission decay
disrupts structure, creates scars (# of scars is proportional to age)
52
Fault initiation
tectonic adds stresses to unbroken rocks deforms slightly, cracks into failure
53
What is seismology?
science in observing earthquakes and their energy
54
How many magnitude 7 earthquakes per year are there?
32, deep earthquakes at subduction zones
55
Events after an earthquake
2nd, fire and tsunami (Boxing day tsunami 2004)
56
example of tsunami
Influence entire water depth, Indian Ocean tsunami killed 250,000 in 10 countries
57
Oblique slip-fault
combo of strike-slip (shear) and dip-slip
58
Amount of displacement in earthquakes
varies from small to large - large events move 100s of kms
59
Is earth's surface mostly stable?
No, consequence of weathering and erosion
60
Mass movement
downhill movement of material due to gravity
61
Mass Wasting (4 factors)
-type of material (rock, regolith, snow, ice) - rate of movement - nature of moving mass - surrounding area
62
Slump
Rotational failure - slippage along spoon shaped "failure surface"
63
Mudflows
H20 rich movement
64
Flow v slide
Flow: Water, mud (clay, silt), debris Slide: Downhill slope, rock slide, debris
65
Vaiont Dam Disaster
1960 - Italian alps 200m Tsunami - 3k dead limestone slide
66
Avalanche
turbulent clouds of debris and air
67
Rockfalls
vertical freefall bedrock or regolith that falls straight down
68
Weakened surface
Rocks at surface are already weakened and susceptible to breaking, expansion Brittle failure + jointing fragmentation and weathering
69
Angle of repose
Material property Ex. Fine sand stands at 35 degrees
70
Triggers
Something that helps move along the process of mass movement or landslides, destabilization of a slope
71
Prevention re-vegetation
adding plants has two positive effects - removes water - makes regoliths more solid
72
Cut and fill operation
reduce the slope over time or cut out portions by humans, fixing our mistakes of the past
73
Lahar flow
Water and volcanic/mud debris flow cool, water from heavy rains
74
Nevada del Ruiz Volcano
1985 - killed 20,000 residents in their sleep example of lahar flow Armero buried
75
Types of water flow
rivers/ocean currents move side to side evaporation/perception move up and down
76
Reservoir
stored water (ocean, river, plants)
77
Percentage of salt water/fresh water
96% salt water 4% fresh water - 75% is in ice -25% is underground
78
Evapotransportation
H2O rising to clouds, St. Law county has a 50% loss from rainfall to runoff
79
Streamflow
ribbons of water that flow down channels crucial to humans, but causes flooding
80
Drainage networks
Dendritic (like a tree) Radial (outword) Rectangle (joints/faults)
81
Perennial streams
streams that are connected to underground water supply, never dry up
82
Discharge
Amount of water flowing into channel Water Vol Discharge: L2 + Rate of flow m/s L3/+ Varies due to seasonal precipitaion
83
How percent of salt water is salt and what percent can humans take in
Water: 3% Humans: 2%
84
Energy of water
Capacity: Vol of transported material Competence: Size of material
85
Water Load types
Bed (larger particles that roll or slide) Dissolved (unseen ions) Suspended (fine particles)
86
Meandering
A decades long cycle of flowing water to create oxbow lakes
87
Helical Flow
in meandering river, flow at cut bank loops back to point bar
88
Waddington River
High Vol + Low Angle = high cap + low com --> meanders
89
Ephemeral streams
Streams that do not flow all year, line of underground water is too far down

GEO-103 (3 decks)

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