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A & P 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Transport and house lymphocytes and other immune cells, return excess fluid in body tissues to blood to maintain blood volume

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2
Q

What are the main components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph vessels, lymphatic tissues, and organs

Lymph is the fluid transported within lymph vessels

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3
Q

What is lymph?

A

The fluid transported within lymph vessels

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4
Q

What characteristics define lymph?

A

Some fluid leaves capillaries and isn’t reabsorbed by them, the interstitial fluid moves into the lymphatic capillaries

this is where it’s called lymph

Contains water, dissolved solutes, small amount of protein, and sometimes cell debris, pathogens, or cancer cells

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5
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

Small, closed-ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid

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6
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries located and what is their make-up?

A

Interspersed around most blood capillaries; absent in avascular tissues, red marrow, spleen, and CNS

Slightly larger than blood capillaries; no basement membrane

Walls are made of overlapping endothelial cells

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7
Q

How do lymphatic capillaries allow fluid entry?

A

Walls made of overlapping endothelial cells with flaps between cells through which fluid enters but can’t exit

Anchoring filaments hold endothelial cells to nearby structures

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8
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic capillaries in the GI tract that absorb lipid-soluble substances

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9
Q

What drives the movement of lymph into lymphatic capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid pushes it into the capillary

The anchoring filaments linking endothelial cells to surrounding structures prevent vessel collapse

Pressure of lymph inside vessel forces the intercellular openings (flaps) of capillary wall to close with lymph inside

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10
Q

What are the larger vessels that lymph moves through?

A

Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunks, and lymphatic ducts

Ultimately the fluid is returned to blood circulation

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11
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The spread of cancerous cells from the original site (primary tumor) to other parts of the body

Cancerous cells break free from primary tumor and are transported in the lymph

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12
Q

What features do lymphatic vessels have?

A

Lymphatic vessels are fed by lymphatic capillaries

Have all three vessel tunics (intima, media, externa)

Have valves to prevent pooling and backflow of lymph

Located adjacent to arteries and veins

Some vessels are connected to lymph nodes for lymph filtration

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13
Q

How does the lymphatic system move lymph since it lacks a pump (like the heart)?

A

Using skeletal muscles and respiratory pumps (like veins)

pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries

rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessel walls

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14
Q

What are lymphatic trunks?

A

Vessels fed by lymphatic vessels that drain specific body regions

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15
Q

What are lymphatic ducts?

A

The largest lymph vessels

Bring lymph to venous blood circulation

There are 2 (right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct)

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16
Q

What areas does the right lymphatic duct drain and where is it located? Also, where does it deliver lymph to?

A

Located near the right clavicle

Upper right quadrant of body

right side of head and neck, right upper limb, right side of thorax

Delivers lymph to junction of right subclavian and right internal jugular veins

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17
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Left side of head and neck, left upper limb, left side of thorax, abdomen, and both lower limbs

It is the largest lymphatic vessel

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18
Q

What causes lymphedema?

A

Accumulation of interstitial fluid due to interference with lymphatic drainage

Causes swelling and pain in affected area

May interfere with wound healing and contribute to infection

Most caused by blockage of lymph vessels

Controlled with compression garments, exercise, massage

Extreme cases known as elephantiasis (caused by infection with parasitic worms)

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19
Q

What are primary lymphatic structures?

A

Red bone marrow and thymus

involved in formation and maturation of lymphocytes

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20
Q

What are secondary lymphatic structures?

A

Sites of immune response initiation

including lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules as well as MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)

They do not form lymphocytes, but house them and other immune cells

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21
Q

Where is red bone marrow located? What is it?

A

Between trabeculae of spongy bone (in flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, ossa coxae, heads of humerus and femur)

It is the site of hemopoiesis (production of blood’s formed elements)

the formed elements include T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes

The T-Lymphocytes migrate to the thymus to mature

The rest go straight from the bone marrow into the blood

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22
Q

What is the thymus involved in?

A

T-lymphocyte maturation

Located in the mediastinum (between the lungs on top of heart)

Larger in children than adults (grows until puberty then regresses being gradually replaced by adipose tissue)

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23
Q

What are characteristics of the thymus and its lobules?

A

Thymus consists of 2 thymus lobes each surrounded by connective tissue capsule

Trabeculae of capsules subdivide lobes into lobules

Each lobule has outer cortex and inner medulla regions (both regions contain lymphatic cells and epithelial tissue)

Cortex contains immature T-lymphocytes

Medulla contains mature T-lymphocytes

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24
Q

What do lymph nodes do and what are their characteristics?

A

Filter lymph and remove unwanted substances

Small, oval, encapsulated structures

Located along deep and superficial pathways of lymph vessels

Occur in clusters receiving lymph from body regions

Cervical lymph nodes receive lymph from head/neck

Axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from breast/axilla/upper limb

Inguinal lymph nodes in groin receive lymph from lower limb/pelvis

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25
What are the components of a lymph node?
Afferent lymphatic vessels bring lymph to node efferent vessel drains a lymph node (located at hilum) dense connective tissue capsule encloses node (trabeculae of capsule subdivide node into compartments) outer cortex, inner medulla
26
What is Hodgkin lymphoma?
A type of lymphoma affecting young adults and people over 60 Cancer of the part of the immune system called the lymphatic system. As the cancer progresses, it limits the body's ability to fight infection. Lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin may swell. Fatigue, fever, and chills are some symptoms. Treatments include chemotherapy, radiation, and in rare cases stem-cell transplant.
27
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
The spleen
28
What tissues are found in the spleen?
White pulp and red pulp
29
What is white pulp?
Monitors blood for foreign materials and bacteria Clusters of T and B-lymphocytes and macrophages around central artery
30
What is red pulp?
Macrophages in sinusoids of red pulp remove particles (phagocytize bacteria, debris, defective erythrocytes, and platelets) Contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes Splenic cords: cells and reticular connective tissue in red pulp Splenic sinusoids: very permeable capillaries A storage site for erythrocytes and platelets
31
What are tonsillar crypts?
Invaginations that trap material in tonsils
32
What is acute tonsillitis?
Inflammation and infection of tonsils commonly affecting palatine tonsils -redden and enlarge -may partially obstruct pharynx Fever, chills, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing May be infected by viruses or bacteria Persistent recurrent infections (chronic tonsillitis) which may require tonsillectomy (surgical removal of tonsils)
33
What is MALT?
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
34
Where is MALT prominently found?
In gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts Found in lamina propria of the mucosa Helps defend against foreign substances Prominent in small intestines (especially ileum)
35
What are Peyer patches?
Large collections of lymphatic nodules within the wall of the GI tract
36
What are the primary lymphatic structures?
Thymus Red Bone Marrow
37
What are the secondary lymphatic structures?
Tonsils Lymph Nodes (cervical) Spleen MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) in small intestine Lymph Nodes (inguinal)
38
What do the jugular trunks drain?
They drain lymph from head and neck
39
What do the subclavian trunks drain?
They drain the upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall
40
What do the bronchomediastinal trunks drain?
They drain the deep thoracic structures
41
What do the intestinal trunks drain?
They drain most abdominal structures
42
What do the lumbar trunks drain?
They drain the lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs
43
What are the lymphatic ducts fed by?
The lymphatic trunks
44
Where is the thoracic duct located?
It runs from the diaphragm to junction of left subclavian and left jugular veins Saclike cisterns chyli at its base that receives lipid-rich chyle from GI tract
45
What are secondary lymphatic structures?
They house lymphocytes and other immune cells within a reticular connective tissue matrix They’re organized into lymphatic organs and aggregates of lymphatic nodules
46
What does the cortex of lymph nodes contain?
Lymphatic nodules which are reticular fibers that support a germinal center Houses proliferating B-lymphocytes and some macrophages the surrounding mantle zone contains T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells Cortical sinuses are tiny open channels lined by macrophages
47
What do lymph node’s medulla contain?
Medullary cords which are connective tissue that support B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and macrophages
48
What are medullary sinuses located in a lymph node’s medulla?
Tiny open channels lined with macrophages
49
How does lymph flow through lymph nodes?
1) lymph enters through several afferent vessels -creates pressure to push it through node to the single exit vessel 2) lymph is monitored for presence of foreign material -macrophages remove foreign debris from lymph -lymphocytes may initiate immune response (they proliferate especially in germinal centers, can cause enlarged nodes that can be palpated in neck and axilla) 3) lymph exits node through efferent vessel -may then pass to neighboring lymph node
50
What is non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
More common than Hodgkin lymphoma Some kinds are aggressive while others are slow growing Cancer that starts in the lymphatic system. The condition occurs when the body produces too many abnormal lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, belly pain, or chest pain. Treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem-cell transplant, or medications.
51
What is lymphoma?
A cancer of the lymphatic system Malignant neoplasm from lymphatic structures Nontender, enlarged lymph node Could induce night sweats, fever, and weight loss
52
What does the spleen do?
Filters and monitors blood (not lymph)
53
What does the spleen do in first 5 months of fetal life?
Makes blood cells This function can be reactivated under certain conditions
54
When may surgical removal of the spleen be needed?
Ruptured spleen from abdominal injury (most common) Infection, cyst, or tumor Lymphoma or cancer Blood disorders (sickle cell anemia etc.)
55
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?
In the nasopharynx Called adenoids when enlarged
56
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
In the posterolateral oral cavity
57
Where are the lingual tonsils located?
Along the posterior one-third of tongue
58
What are tonsils?
Secondary lymphatic structures Immune surveillance of inhaled and ingested substances Contain lymphatic nodules (some with germinal centers)
59
What are lymphatic nodules?
Clusters of lymphatic cells with some extracellular matrix (not completely surrounded by connective tissue capsule) Found in every body organ Help defend against infection In some areas they group together to form larger structures (MALT for example)
60
what system does the lymphatic system aid by transporting excess interstitial fluid?
the circulatory system
61
when blood plasma leaks out of the capillaries it is then called what?
interstitial fluid
62
Are lymphatic capillaries usually smaller or larger in diameter compared to blood capillaries?
larger
63
Lacteals pick up dietary ____.
lipids
64
what are normal constituents of lymph?
ions low concentration of protein water
65
what do dietary lipids enter the lymphatic system through?
tiny lymph vessels called lacteals
66
valves in lymphatic vessels are especially important in the upper or lower limbs?
lower
67
True or False: lymphatic capillaries are closed-ended vessels
True
68
lymph is moved through lymph vessels by:
Skeletal muscle pumps (muscle contractions) respiratory pump (breathing) pulsing of nearby arteries
69
lymph drains from lymphatic trunks into what?
lymphatic ducts
70
where are lacteals located?
the gastrointestinal tract
71
lymphatic vessels resemble small what?
veins
72
how many lymphatic ducts does the lymphatic system contain?
2
73
what are some of the secondary lymphoid structures where lymphocytes are housed after formation?
lymph nodes tonsils spleen
74
what are the larges lymph vessels?
lymphatic ducts
75
what is the left lymphatic duct commonly referred to as?
the thoracic duct (the larger of the two lymphatic ducts)
76
what are some primary lymphoid structures where lymphocytes are produced?
red bone marrow thymus
77
where do all lymphocytes originate?
red bone marrow
78
each thymus lobule is divides into what?
inner medulla outer cortex
79
what route does lymph travel, starting with lymphatic trunk
lymphatic trunk to lymphatic duct to veins back into circulatory system (blood)
80
what secondary lymphatic structures have a complete capsule?
lymph node spleen
81
what is the tough connective tissue layer called that lymph nodes are surrounded by?
capsule
82
what connective tissue fibers support the medulla of the lymph node?
medullary cords
83
lymph flows through a node in what order?
1) afferent lymphatic vessel 2) lymphatic sinuses 3) efferent lymphatic vessel
84
what is the main difference between lymphatic organs and lymphatic nodules?
lymphatic organs have a capsule enclosing them
85
where does the spleen lie in relation to the left kidney?
lateral
86
large clusters of lymph nodes are found in what regions?
cervical (neck) axillary (armpit) inguinal (groin)
87
blood drains out of the spleen through what?
the splenic vein
88
what do lymphatic sinuses in the cortex and medulla of the lymph node provide for lymphatic flow?
they provide a pathway for lymphatic flow
89
Within a lymph node are open spaces called sinuses. In the cortex, they are called ______ sinuses and in the medulla, they are called _____ sinuses.
cortical medullary
90
what is the function of white pulp in the spleen?
to monitor the blood for foreign materials
91
what is the outflow pipe of a lymph node?
efferent vessel
92
what pulp of the spleen acts as a platelet reservoir?
the red pulp
93
what is the region called where blood vessels enter and exit the spleen?
the hilum
94
True or False: the spleen filters the lymph for foreign materials and bacteria
it filter the blood for foreign materials lymph nodes filter the lymph for foreign materials
95
what are some normal functions of the adult spleen?
-Phagocytosis of old Erythrocytes -Act as a reservoir for platelets -Phagocytosis of bacteria
96
The white pulp of the spleen is associated with the ____ supply of the spleen
Arterial
97
The adenoids are also called the _____ tonsils
Pharyngeal
98
the red pulp of the spleen is where _____ drainage of the blood occurs
venous
99
what are lymphatic nodules also called?
lymphatic follicles
100
in what order does blood flow through the spleen
1) splenic artery 2) central artery of white pulp 3) splenic sinusoids of red pulp 4) splenic vein
101
what is the function of lymphoid nodules?
to help defend against infection where they are found

A & P 2 (5 decks)

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