Exam 3

Question 1

differences between neck anatomy for pediatrics and adults

Answer 1

pediatric:
- airway is smaller
- larynx positioned higher in the neck
- cricoid cartilage the narrowest point of the airway
- larger epiglottis

adult:
- larger airway
- vocal cords are the narrowest point

Question 2

differences between pelvis anatomy for pediatrics and adults

Answer 2

pediatric:
- smaller pelvis
- less developed
- unfused growth plates in hip bones

adult:
- larger pelvis
- fully developed
- fused growth plates

Question 3

differences between spine anatomy for pediatrics and adults

Answer 3

pediatric:
- spine is less ossified
- larger intervertebral discs
- shallower facet joints
- larger volumes of total CSF (50%)
- center of rotation is C2-C3

adults:
- spine is ossified
- 33% volume of CSF
- center of rotation is C5-C6

Question 4

differences between extremities anatomy for pediatrics and adults

Answer 4

pediatric:
- presence of growth plates (open)
- more flexible bones
- larger heads and shorter limbs compared to body size
- diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis

adults:
- closed growth plates
- bones are dense and rigid
- only metaphysis and diaphysis are present

Question 5

why is soft tissue important in pediatric imaging?

Answer 5

because soft tissue and ligament injuries are more common than osseous fractures

Question 6

1/3 of all skeletal injuries to children, at the growth plates, and commonly the ankle and wrist

Answer 6

salter-harris fracture

Question 7

separated growth plate injury

Answer 7

salter-harris type 1

Question 8

above growth plate injury

Answer 8

salter-harris type 2

Question 9

below growth plate injury

Answer 9

salter-harris type 3

Question 10

through growth plate injury

Answer 10

salter-harris type 4

Question 11

erasure of growth plate injury

Answer 11

salter-harris type 5

Question 12

• happen when the bending resistance is exceeded and the bone bows without breaking
• usually happen in the forearm or clavicle

Answer 12

bow fracture

Question 13

happens when a ligament or tendon pulls a small piece of bone away from the main bone mass

Answer 13

avulsion fracture

Question 14

Type of greenstick fracture
- The load on the bone is the same direction as the diaphysis, causing the cortex to fold back on itself
- Usually happens when falling and landing on out-stretched hands

Answer 14

torus fracture

Question 15

happens when one cortex of the bone’s diaphysis breaks and the other side remains intact

Answer 15

greenstick fracture

Question 16

• a subtle, non-displaced, oblique fracture of the distal tibia in children
• 9 months - 3 years
• lower tibia

Answer 16

toddler’s fracture

Question 17

Most common elbow fracture in children
- 60% of all pediatric elbow fractures
- Ages 3-10
- Child falling on an outstretched hand with hyperextension of the elbow

Answer 17

supracondylar fracture

Question 18

Standard procedure to find bone growth anomalies among infants and children
- Images of the hand are compared with standard images for specific ages
- Always left hand PA image

Answer 18

bone age assessment

Question 19

pediatric pelvis landmarks:

Answer 19

pubis symphysis, ASIS, greater trochanters

Question 20

curves of scoliosis:

Answer 20

• Levoscoliosis – curvature towards the left
• Dextroscoliosis – curvature towards the right

Question 21

scoliosis imaging:

Answer 21

• long full spine PA
• sometimes lateral
• lateral bending images to see how fixed a curve is
• to evaluate presence of structural bony abnormalities and major/minor curves

Question 22

abnormal curvature of the spine

Answer 22

scoliosis pathology

Question 23

the most pronounced curve – main structural abnormality
(scoliosis)

Answer 23

primary curves

Question 24

non-structural curve that develops above or below the primary curve to maintain balance
(scoliosis)

Answer 24

secondary curves

Question 25

causes of scoliosis

Answer 25

- Neuromuscular - Congenital body - Tumor or treatment - Infection

Question 26

Conditions causing deficits that result in asymmetric muscular tone resulting in spinal curvature - Cerebral palsy, Chiari malformation, syringomyelia, tethered cord, muscular dystrophies, spinal muscular atrophy, traumatic paralysis

Answer 26

neuromuscular

Question 27

An underlying bony abnormality of the vertebra which results in a fixed spinal curve - Segmentation and fusion abnormalities (hemivertebrae), skeletal dysplasia

Answer 27

congenital body

Question 28

Adjacent tumor, or previous treatment - Osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, metastases, neurofibromas - Meningioma, neurofibroma, astrocytoma, ependymoma

Answer 28

tumor or treatments

Question 29

Causing bony abnormalities - Pyogenic osteomyelitis, tuberculous spondylitis

Answer 29

infection

Question 30

collection of pus that forms behind the back wall of the throat, in the space between the pharynx and the vertebrae

Answer 30

retropharyngeal abscess

Question 31

infection that causes inflammation (redness and swelling) of the tonsils

Answer 31

tonsillitis

Question 32

- life threatening disease, requires emergent intubation - great risk for complete airway obstruction - symptoms: abrupt onset of stridor, dysphagia, fever, restlessness, increase in respiratory distress when recumbent - diagnosed by a single upright lateral radiography of the neck

Answer 32

epiglottitis

Question 33

- a collection of pus in the parotid glad located in front of the ear

Answer 33

parotid abscess

Question 34

- common in children between 6 months & 3 years old - round foods are the most frequently aspirated - symptoms: stridor, wheezing cough, recurrent pneumonia, hemoptysis - common location: bronchial tree (usually right main stem bronchus) - imaging: AP chest, AP abdomen, lateral soft tissue neck

Answer 34

foreign body airway obstruction