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Developmental Biology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

A human brain lacks folding and is lissencephalic.

A

False

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2
Q

A radial glial cell will divide asymmetrically to form a neural progenitor because

A

daughter cell receives less Par-3, resulting in low levels of Notch expression.

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3
Q

Alcohol, in sufficient quantity (which can be very small), is a teratogen when consumed during pregnancy. It can result in______________________________

A

craniofacial and brain abnormalities

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4
Q

Anencephaly is likely caused by a problem with which of the following?

A

Primary neurulation

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5
Q

Arrange the right order in which the human embryo implants the uterus.

A

Apposition
Adhesion
Progression
Decidualization

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6
Q

Asymmetrical cell division of radial glial cell is mediated by

A

Par3

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7
Q

Axons travel along a route that leads to a particular region of the embryo. Which of the following is involved in this process?

A

pathway selection

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8
Q

Axons, once they reach the correct area must recognize and bind to a set of cells to form stable connections. Which of the following is involved in this process?

A

target selection

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9
Q

Between fertilization and the first cleavage division, the cytoplasm of the frog egg rotates 30 degree away from the point of sperm entry in a process called ___________

A

cortical rotation

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10
Q

Cortical granule reaction is used for

A

polyspermy block

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11
Q

Double-negative gated gene regulatory network specifies the veg2 macromere in a sea urchin embryo.

A

True

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12
Q

During neurogenesis, if a radial glial cell undergoes cell division to produce two progenitor cells, the radial glial cell is said to have undergone symmetrical cell division.

A

True

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13
Q

During which time period would exposure to a teratogen likely pose the most serious risk?

A

3 to 8 weeks

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14
Q

During _________________, cells in the early human embryo change their adhesive properties and become tightly attached to each other.

A

Compaction

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15
Q

Early neuronal precursors migrate to cortical layer 1 while late neuronal precursors migrate to cortical layer 6, known as “outside in” gradient of neural development.

A

False

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16
Q

Echinoderms are classified as chordates because their larvae possess a notochord.

A

False

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17
Q

Folic acid is shown to play an important role in reducing the rate of neural tube defect births.

A

True

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18
Q

How do primary and secondary neurulation differ?

A

Only primary neurulation involves invagination of neural plate cells to form a tube below the surface.

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19
Q

How is the mammalian blastocoel formed?

A

The cells undergo cavitation,

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20
Q

Human brain consists of gyri and sulci.

A

True

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21
Q

If a second notochord, is transplanted adjacent to the neural tube, it will result in the following phenotype. Select all that apply.

A

it will induce a secondary floor plate
it will induce a secondary set of motor neurons

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22
Q

If a sperm penetrates a Xenopus egg at the lower right of the cell, which side of the cell will become the dorsal side?

A

The side 180 degrees clockwise from the location of sperm penetration.

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23
Q

If a two-cell embryo splits resulting in two inner cell masses and two trophoblasts it will lead to a human monozygotic twin born within

A

two chorions and two amnions

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24
Q

In the famous Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold experiment, what tissue was the organizer for embryonic development in amphibians?

A

dorsal blastopore lip

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25
Match the following vesicles of the brain to their adult derivatives
2:Mesencephalon 4:Mylenencephalon 1:Diencephalon 3:Metencephalon 1. Hypothalamus 2. Midbrain 3. Cerebellum 4. Medulla
26
Match the term to the correct description.
Diencephalon - Hypothalamus Meckel’s cartilage - 1st pharyngeal arch Stapes - 2nd pharyngeal arch Metencephalon - Cerebellum Laryngeal cartilage - 4th pharyngeal arch Mesencephalon - Midbrain
27
n the motor neurons innervating the chick hindlimb, neurons of the lateral subdivision motor column project their axon only to the dorsal position of the limb bud because (ref figure)
they are repelled by ephrin A5
28
Neural plate is formed from what embryonic tissue layer during neurulation?
Ectoderm
29
Of the basic three zones of layers that are present during central nervous system development, which one is adjacent to the lumen (opening) within the neural tube?
ventricular zone
30
Of the cells in a 16-cell sea urchin embryo, which are autonomously specified?
The large micromeres
31
Regression of the primitive streak results in the reduction of the notochord.
False
32
Specification of the anterior and posterior axis in chick takes place by gravity.
True
33
Spina bifida is likely caused by a problem with which of the following
Secondary neurulation
34
The closure of neural tube by mesenchyme cells followed by the condensation of these cells into a medullary cord describes
Secondary neurulation
35
The decision whether to become a trophoblast or inner cell mass (ICM) depends on the expression of different transcription factors (see figure). What kind of gene expression circuitry is responsible for this?
Double negative gate
36
The double-gradient interaction, first discovered in amphibians is a characteristic of all animal development
True
37
The driving force of the phenomenon contact inhibition in neural crest cells is
RhoA
38
The first cells that enter the dorsal lip of the blastopore form the truck and the tail.
False
39
The hatching of the embryo from the zona pellucida takes place because of
40
The knockdown of the CXCR4-receptor abolishes the chase-run mechanism of collective migration of neural crest cells and placode cells.
True
41
The marginal zone in differentiating spinal cord region is often called white matter because of the presence of neuronal cell bodies.
False
42
The marginal zone in differentiating spinal cord region is often called white matter because of the presence of neuronal cell bodies.
False
43
The neural tube floor plate is primarily specified by
Sonic hedgehog (Shh)
44
The node is the organizer tissue in birds
False
45
The Notochord releases the morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh) required to induce the DLHP (dorsolateral hinge points) formation.
False
46
The protein reelin regulates neural migration in the neural tube.
True
47
The purkinje neurons are a major cell type of the cerebral cortex.
False
48
The regression of the primitive streak results in the elongation of the notochord.
True
49
The yolk sac is derived from the epiblast.
False
50
What are the two major pathways followed by trunk neural crest cells moving away from the neural tube?
Ventral and dorsolateral pathways
51
What are the type/s of cell movement observed in sea urchins?
ingression, invagination, convergent extension
52
What causes a gray crescent to appear in many frog embryos?
The outer (cortical) cytoplasm rotates relative to the internal cytoplasm.
53
What cells form the frontonasal process, which produces bone that contributes to much of the facial skeleton?
Cranial neural crest cells
54
What chemical is responsible for stimulating the development of epithelial tissue from ectoderm?
Bone morphogenetic protein
55
What condition drives the specification of neural crest cells from ectodermal cells?
If the ectodermal cells receive Wnt which induces BMPs but remains active
56
What does the experiment on frog's eye tell us about the spatial relationships between the retina and the tectum?
When the right retina makes connections to the left tectum, nasal (anterior) neurons go to the posterior tectum, and temporal (posterior) neurons go to the anterior tectum.
57
What effect do large micromeres have on adjacent cells in a sea urchin embryo?
They induce cells above to become endomesoderm cells that invaginate during gastrulation.
58
What gradient is usually responsible for the formation of a distinct anterior-posterior axis?
Wnt proteins
59
What happens to neural crest cells prior to migration?
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
60
What is a unique feature of mitosis in neural stem cells and radial glial cells?
The cell nucleus is near the basal side of the neural tube during S phase, but moves to the apical end for mitosis.
61
What is another term for ventricular cells, which secrete cerebrospinal
Ependymal cells
62
What is NOT a derivative of the neural crest cells?
epidermis
63
What is NOT a derivative of the neural crest cells?
epidermis
64
What is not a unique characteristic of mammalian embryos?
having unusually rapid cell division.
65
What is NOT major regions or types of neural crest?
Axial neural crest
66
What is the definition of a human embryo?
It is the product of fertilization during the first eight weeks of development.
67
What is the difference between white matter and gray matter in the central nervous system?
White matter consists of myelin-coated axons and gray matter consists of cell bodies and other neural cell structures.
68
What is the maternal-to-zygote transition?
The transition from reliance on maternal mRNAs to expression of the embryonic genome.
69
What is the name for the entire innermost uterine layer, forming its entire inner lining?
The endometrium
70
What is the organizer tissue in birds?
Hensen's node
71
What is the specific term for the structures formed where a neuron and target cell meet?
synapse
72
What is the term for neurons that extend through the ventral midline to coordinate motor activities on both sides of the body?
commissural neurons
73
What is the term for the free-swimming sea urchin larva?
Pluteus larva
74
What is the term for the initial sea urchin gut formed by invagination of cells during gastrulation?
Archenteron
75
What is the term for the multinucleate component of the trophoblast?
The syncytiotrophoblast
76
What is the term for the region of the mammalian reproductive system in which fertilization occurs?
The oviduct
77
What is the term for the slit-like structure formed by the invagination of Xenopus epithelium as mesoderm and endoderm move deeper into the embryo?
The blastopore
78
What is true about human brains versus chimpanzee brains?
There are more differences in noncoding regions, such as regulatory regions, than in coding regions.
79
What role does Nkx2.2 play during the formation of neural progenitor cells? refer to the gene regulatory network figure
Nkx2.2 blocks the expression of Olig2
80
What structure extends out from an axon to produce the path of axonal growth?
The growth cone
81
What structure is the double-headed arrow pointing to?
amnion
82
What tissue derivative in early human embryo forms the embryonic endoderm?
Epiblast
83
What type of cleavage is present in bird embryos?
Discoidal meroblastic cleavage
84
What type of cleavage is present in sea urchin embryos?
Radio holoblastic
85
What type of glial cell establishes the blood brain barrier of the nervous system.
astrocytes
86
What type of glial cell plays an important role as “immune” cells of the nervous system.
microglia
87
What unique type of cleavage is common in mammals?
Rotational cleavage
88
When a migrating neural crest cells bumps into another neural crest cell, it will respond by change its polarity and migrate in the opposite direction. What is this behavior called?
Contact inhibition
89
Which asymmetrically localized factor leads to the initiation of delamination?
Cadherin-6B
90
Which cells are autonomously specified and conditionally specify the fate of other cells?
Micromeres
91
Which choice is not one of the three major axes formed in a developing amphibian?
Superior-inferior
92
Which extraembryonic membrane is used for waste storage in amniote embryos?
The allantois
93
Which group of organisms includes only anamniotes?
Fish and amphibians
94
Which morphogen is NOT involved in regulation of hinge point during neural tube formation?
β-catenin
95
Which of the following is NOT a progenitor cell type of neurogenesis?
Neuron
96
Which of the following is not true about the chase-and-run model between cranial neural crest cells and placode cells? (Ref figure)
The SDF1-CXCR4 signaling leads to the repulsion between cranial neural crest and placode cells
97
Which part of the neural tube differentiates into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain?
The anterior region.
98
Which protein is responsible for determining the ventral axis in the amphibian embryo?
BMP
99
Which protein plays an important role in neuron migration to the correct cortical layer in the cerebral cortex.
Reelin
100
Which represents the correct series of transitions between stem/progenitor cells? Select all that apply.
Neuroepithelial Cells to Ventricular Radial Glia to Outer Radial Glia to Intermediate Progenitor Cells Neuroepithelial Cells to Ventricular Radial Glia to Intermediate Progenitor Cells and to Outer Radial Glia to Intermediate Progenitor Cells
101
Which represents the correct series of transitions between stem/progenitor cells?
Neuroepithelial Cells to Ventricular Radial Glia to Intermediate Progenitor Cells and to Outer Radial Glia to Intermediate Progenitor Cells Neuroepithelial Cells to Ventricular Radial Glia to Outer Radial Glia to Intermediate Progenitor Cells correct
102
Which signaling molecule: receptor guide the axons of commissural neurons to cross the midline in Drosophila’s nerval cord.
slit:robo
103
Which signaling molecule: receptor guides the axons of commissural neurons to cross the midline in Drosophila’s nerval cord?
slit:robo
104
Which signaling molecules show bifunctional guidance cue in C. elegans.
Netrin
105
Which statement best describes a frog egg prior to fertilization?
It has clearly distinct poles with much more yolk in the vegetal pole versus the animal pole.
106
Which statement best describes an example of infertility?
A couple that has been having frequent, unprotected intercourse for over a year has not become pregnant.
107
Which statement describes a problem that can occur due to early hatching of the embryo from the zona pellucida?
A potentially dangerous ectopic pregnancy can occur.
108
Which statement is accurate regarding the effects of dorsal blastopore lips on development?
Dorsal blastopore lips induce brain formation early in development and spinal cord formation later in development.
109
Which statement is true of aneuploidies?
They often result from events during meiosis.
110
Which statement is true of neural crest cells?
They are present in the embryo and migrate throughout the body, but then specialize so that neural crest cells are no longer present in the adult.
111
Which statement is true of the human cerebral cortex?
The cerebral cortex matures slowly and consists of six distinct layers.
112
Which statement is true of twins?
Many, but not all, monozygotic twins have separate chorions and amnions.
113
Which structure develops directly from Xenopus organizer cells, not from induction by these cells?
The notochord
114
Which structure is essential for the movement of cells during gastrulation in birds and mammals but not in amphibians?
The primitive streak
115
Which type of cell is responsible for myelination within the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
116
________ receive signals from other neurons, and __________ transmits signals to other neurons.
dendrites; axons

Developmental Biology (2 decks)

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