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PSYCh 335 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is Charles Spearman’s two-factor theory of intelligence?

A

It suggests that cognitive abilities are influenced by General Intelligence (g) and Specific abilities (s).

General Intelligence (g) affects performance across all mental tasks, while Specific abilities (s) are unique to particular tasks.

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3
Q

What does General Intelligence (g) refer to?

A

A broad underlying cognitive ability that affects performance across all mental tasks.

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4
Q

What are Specific abilities (s)?

A

Abilities unique to particular tasks, such as mathematical reasoning, verbal fluency, or spatial awareness.

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5
Q

What is factor analysis in intelligence testing?

A

A statistical test used to examine the relationships between different cognitive tasks to identify clusters of abilities.

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6
Q

What does a high g score indicate?

A

It is linked to problem-solving, logical reasoning, and learning efficacy.

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7
Q

What are Louis Thurstone’s seven primary mental abilities?

A
  • Spatial ability
  • Perceptual speed
  • Numerical reasoning
  • Verbal meaning (comprehension)
  • Word fluency
  • Memory
  • Inductive reasoning
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8
Q

What is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

A

It suggests that humans display as many as nine distinct kinds of intelligence, not all measured by IQ tests.

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9
Q

List three school-related intelligences according to Gardner.

A
  • Linguistic
  • Spatial
  • Logical-mathematical
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10
Q

What is the musical intelligence?

A

Sensitivity to pitch, melody, and understanding emotional aspects of music.

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11
Q

What are the components of Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of intelligence?

A
  • Experimental component
  • Information processing (componential)
  • Contextual component (practical)
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12
Q

What does fluid intelligence refer to?

A

An individual’s ability to solve novel problems and abstract problems that are not taught.

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13
Q

What is the cumulative-deficit hypothesis?

A

It suggests that long-term exposure to poor environments leads to a decline in cognitive abilities over time.

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14
Q

What does the HOME inventory assess?

A

The quality of a child’s home environment and the type of intellectual stimulation provided.

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15
Q

What is compensatory education?

A

Programs designed to further the cognitive growth and scholastic achievements of disadvantaged children.

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16
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

The ability to generate multiple solutions to a problem with no single correct answer.

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17
Q

What is convergent thinking?

A

The ability to focus on a single best solution to a problem.

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18
Q

What are the components of language (linguistics)?

A
  • Phonology
  • Morphology
  • Semantics
  • Syntax
  • Pragmatics
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19
Q

What is phonology?

A

The basic units of sound or phonemes used in language.

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20
Q

What is morphology?

A

The rules governing the structure of meaningful words from sounds.

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21
Q

What is semantics?

A

The expressed meanings of words and sentences.

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22
Q

What is syntax?

A

The structure of language; the rules for combining words to produce meaningful sentences.

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23
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

Principles that underlie the effective and appropriate use of language in social contexts.

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24
Q

What is overregularization in language development?

Study These Flashcards
A

Applying grammatical rules too broadly to irregular cases, such as saying ‘goed’ instead of ‘went’.

25
What is a holophrase?
A single word utterance that represents an entire sentence's worth of meaning.
26
What is telegraphic speech?
Early two- or three-word sentences that consist of content words and omit less meaningful parts of speech.
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What is the Empiricist (learning) Perspective on language development?
Language is learned through reinforcement, imitation, and conditioning.
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What is Noam Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?
The innate knowledge of grammar that humans are believed to possess.
29
What is the Sensitive Period Hypothesis?
The notion that there is a critical period when language is learned most easily, typically before puberty.
30
According to Piaget what does the term accommodation refer to?
Modifying existing schemas or creating new ones to incorporate new information
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According to Piaget what does the term Assimilation refer to?
Integrating new information into existing frameworks
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Which of Piaget's stages occur at 0-2 years: What occurs in this stage: Key concept at this stage:
- Sensorimotor - infants rely on behavioral schemes as a means of exploring and understanding the environment Object permanence
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Which of Piaget's stages occur at 2-7: What occurs in this stage: Key concept at this stage:
Preoperational stage Children are developing to to think at a symbolic level but are not yet using cognitive operations Egocentrism
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Which of Piaget's stages occur at 7-11: What occurs in this stage: Key concept at this stage:
Concrete operational stage when children are acquiring cognitive operations and thinking more logically about real objects and experiences Conservation: understanding that quantity doesn't change when its appearance does
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Which of Piaget's stages occur at 12+: What occurs in this stage: Key concept at this stage:
Formal Operational stage Individual begins to think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events Hypothetico-deductive reasoning: a formal operational ability to think hypothetically
36
What are some criticism of Piaget's Theory
- Piaget failed to distinguish competence from performance - Criticism of his rigid stage transitions - Provides a vague explanation of cognitive growth - neglected the importance of social and cultural influences (devoted too little attention)
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What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory
his perspective on cognitive development, in which children acquire their cultures values, beliefs, and problem solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society
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What is the zone of proximal development? (ZPD)
is the range of tasks that are too complex to be mastered alone but can be accomplished with guidance and encouragement from a more skillful partner
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what is Guided participation?
adult-child interactions in which children's cognition and modes of thinking are shaped as they participate with or observe adults engaged in culturally relevant activities
40
What is Erikson's Psychosocial Theory ?
Erikson's revision of Freud's theory, which emphasized sociocultural determinants of development and posits a series of eight psychosocial conflicts that people must resolve successfully to display healthy psychological adjustments
41
What are Erikson's 8 stages and when do they occur
trust vs mistrust: infancy (birth - 1) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: early childhood (1-3) Initiative vs Guilt: Childhood (3-6) Industry Vs Inferiority: school age (6-12) Identity Vs Role confusion: adolescence (12-20) Generativity Vs stagnation: middle adulthood (40-65) Ego integrity vs Despair: old age (65+)
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conflict during Trust vs Mistrust
The child must develop a sense of trust in care givers and the world or develop a sense of mistrust if care is inconsistent
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Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt
The child begins to assert independence and develop a sense of self-control. Success leads to autonomy, while failure can result in feelings of shame.
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Initiative vs. Guilt
The child begins to take initiative in activities. If their efforts are stifled or criticized, they may feel guilty about their ambitions.
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Industry vs. Inferiority
The child learns new skills and compares themselves to peers. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure can lead to inferiority.
46
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescents explore different roles and develop a personal identity. Failure can result in confusion about one’s role in life.
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults form intimate relationships. Success leads to deep connections, while failure leads to isolation.
48
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Adults contribute to society and future generations through work, family, or community involvement. Failure leads to stagnation and a sense of purposelessness.
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Integrity vs. Despair
Older adults reflect on their lives. Success leads to a sense of integrity and fulfillment, while failure results in despair.
50
What are the Basic or Primary Emotions Which ones are present at birth?: (Four) Which ones Emerge between 2-7 months?: (five)
1 Interest, 2 distress, 3 disgust, 4 contentment 1 Anger, 2 sadness, 3 joy, 4 surprise, 5 fear
51
What are the complex emotions that develop in the second year (self-conscious emotions) Five
1 Embarrassment, 2 Shame, 3 Guilt, 4 Envy, 5 Pride
52
What are emotional display rules
culturally defined rules specifying which emotions should or should not be expressed under which circumstances
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What is emotional self regulation
Strategies for managing emotions or adjusting emotional arousal to an appropriate level of intensity
54
What are some examples of emotional regulation in early life
-Parents regulating emotion by removing them from stressful situations or soothing babies in early months of life by rocking, holding, singing, or providing pacifiers by the middle of the first year babies will be able to turn away from stressful stimulus
55
Social referencing When does it begin to occur
the use of others emotional expressions to infer the meaning of otherwise ambiguous situations 7-10 months
56
What is empathy and when do children begin to develop it
The ability to experience the same emotions that someone else is experiencing 2-3 years
57
Multistore Model
Information-processing model that depicts information as flowing through three processing units (or stores)
58
What are the three stores in the multistore model
The Sensory store The short term store The Long term store
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PSYCh 335 (1 decks)

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