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Anatomy 1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three divisions of the nervous system?

A

Peripheral nervous systems (PNS)

Central nervous system (CNS)

Enteric nervous system

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2
Q

The CNS consists of ________

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Describe the general overview of the nervous system

A

Receptors send stimulators information to the efferent division of the PNS which is then sent to the CNS for processing in the brain then the CNS sends signals to the efferent division of the PNS for motor commands stimulating the SNS or the ANS

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4
Q

The PNS consists of ________

A

All the nervous tissue outside the CNS and ENS

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5
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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6
Q

Define Peripheral nerves ______

A

Nerves with associated blood vessels and connective tissue

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7
Q

Define cranial nerves

A

Nerves connected to the brain

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8
Q

Define spinal nerves

A

Nerves attached to the spinal cord

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9
Q

The afferent division of the PNS is responsible for _________

A

Bringing sensory information to the CNS

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10
Q

The efferent division of the PNS is responsible for _____

A

Carrying motor commands from CNS to target tissue

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11
Q

The somatic nervous system controls _______

A

Voluntary contractions of skeletal muscles

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12
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls ______

A

Involuntary regulation of smooth muscle and heart

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13
Q

The ANS has what two divisions, what do they do?

A

Parasympathetic - negative feedback, slows response

Sympathetic- positive feedback, enhances response

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14
Q

What is the function of the perikaryon (cytoplasm of a neuron cell body)

A

Provide energy and synthesize organic material

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15
Q

The axon of a neuron is responsible for _____

A

Creating action potentials

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16
Q

What is the purpose of afferent neurons/sensory neurons?

A

Deliver information from sensory receptors to CNS

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17
Q

What is the function of motor neurons or efferent neurons?

A

Carry motor instructions from CNS to target tissue

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18
Q

Neuroglia in the PNS consists of _____ and ______

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

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19
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS consists of ______ (there are 4)

A

Astrocytes, Ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia

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20
Q

What is the function of Astrocytes in the CNS?

A

Largest Neuroglia
Maintain blood brain barrier, provide structural support, regulate ion nutrient and dissolved gas levels, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury, neuron development in the embryonic phase

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21
Q

What are the functions of Ependymal cells found in the CNS?

A

Line ventricles of the brain, and the spinal cord, assist in the production, circulation and regulation of cerebral spinal fluid

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22
Q

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

A

Myelinate CNS axons and provide structural support

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23
Q

What is the function of Microglia in the CNS?

A

Smallest Neuroglia
Remove waste by phagocytosis

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24
Q

Define gray matter

A

Great concentration of neuron cell bodies in an integrated region

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25
Define white matter
Lots of myelinated axons
26
What is the function of Satellite cells found in the PNS?
Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, regulates O2 and CO2 and nutrient levels around ganglia
27
What are the functions of Schwann cells found in the PNS?
Surround all axons in PNS with myelin sheath , responsible for myeilnation and repair
28
What is the threshold for an action potential to begin in a neuron?
-60 to -55 mV
29
What are the steps of activating an action potential?
1) depolarize to threshold 2) activation of voltage gated sodium channels and rapid depolarization 3) inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium ion channel, repolarization occurs 4) turning off potassium gated channels return to resting potential
30
What is the refractory period?
The time between the start of an action potential and the return to resting potential, during this time the plasma membrane doesn’t respond normally to additional depolarizing stimuli
31
Define continuous propagation
Action potential moves down the axon
32
Define saltatory propagation
Action potential jumps from node to node
33
What are type A axon fibers
Are the largest myelinated axons with VERY fast action potentials Carries sensory information, as well as skin sensations to the CNS as well as carry motor commands
34
What are type B fibers?
Smaller myelinated axons Carry information to and from CNS, delivering temperature, pain, pressure sensations and control smooth and cardiac muscle
35
What are C type Fibers?
Small unmyelinated axons Carries information to and from CNS Deliver information regarding temp, pain and carry signals to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
36
Define synapse
A specialized site where the neuron communicates with another cell
37
Define electrical synapses
Direct physical contact between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes through gap junctions Rare in body
38
Define chemical synapses
One neuron sends chemical signals to another neuron
39
Define cholinergic synapses
Synapses that releases ACh, ACh is the most widespread neurotransmitter
40
How do Cholinergic synapses release ACh?
Action potential-> depolarization Ca channels open and calcium enters -> ACh released from synaptic vesicles by exocytosis -> ACh diffuse across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postynaptic membrane-> Depolarization ends ACh is broken down
41
Define synaptic delay
Time between the arrival of a signal at the presynaptic membrane and the initiation of the action potential in the postsynaptic membrane
42
What is synaptic fatigue
Under intensive stimulation resynthesis and transport of ACh may not keep up with the demand and the response of the synapse weakens until ACh has been replenished
43
What are Excitatory neurotransmitters?
Cause depolarization and promote the generation of action potentials
44
What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Cause hyperpolarization and suppress the generation of action potentials
45
What are the Biogenic Amines
Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin
46
What Amino acids are involved neurotransmitters
Gamma-aminobutyric GABA
47
Define neuromodulators
Typically neuropeptides that alter the rate of neurotransmitter release by presynaptic neurons or change the response of postsynaptic neurons
48
What are the opioid neuromodulators?
Enkephalins Endorphins Dynorphins
49
What are the dissolved gas neurotransmitters?
Nitric oxide Carbon monoxide
50
What are direct effecting neurotransmitters?
Compounds that have a direct effect on membrane potential such as ACh, glutamate, aspartame
51
What neurotransmitters have both direct and indirect effects on membrane potentials?
Glutamate GABA Norepinephrine Serotonin
52
What are the indirect effects on membrane potential?
A neurotransmitter binds as a first messenger signaling the the second messenger usually a G protein which are produced or released into the cell
53
Indirect effects on membrane potentials
Include nitric oxide and carbon monoxide
54
Define Postsynaptic potentials
Graded potentials that develop in the postsynaptic membrane in response to a neurotransmitter
55
Define excitatory postsynaptic potential
Graded depolarization caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane
56
Define inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Graded hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
57
What is summation
Process in which EPSP and IPSPscombine to produce one graded potential
58
Define temporal summation
Rapid additions of stimuli one after another until an action potential can occur
59
Define spatial summation
Many stimuli stimulate different locations at the same time producing a cumulative effect on the membrane potential
60
The posterior horns contain ______
Somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
61
The lateral horns located in the thoracic and lumbar region contain ______
Visceral motor nuclei
62
The anterior horns contain _____
Somatic motor nuclei
63
Short tracts carry sensory or motor information to the ______
Between segments of the spinal cord
64
Long tracts carry sensory and motor information between the _____ and _____
Spinal cord and brain
65
What is the function of ascending tracts?
Carry sensory information towards the brain
66
What is the function of descending tracts?
Convey motor commands to the spinal cord
67
What is the function of sensory nuclei?
Receive and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors
68
What is the function of motor nuclei
Issue motor commands to peripheral effectors
69
Describe the layers of a nerve
Epineurium- outermost layer Perineurium- mid layer Endoneurium- innermost
70
Define dermatome
Specific bilateral region of the skin monitored by a single pair of nerves
71
Define Divergence Neural circuits
Spread information from one neuron to many
72
Define convergence neural circuits
Several neurons signaling one neuron
73
Define serial processing
A circuit in which neurons or pools work in a sequence
74
Define parallel processing
Neurons or pools process the same information simultaneously
75
Define reverberation
A positive feedback circuit
76
What is the function of the cerebrum
Conscious thought process Memory storage and processing Conscious and unconscious skeletal muscle contractions
77
What is the function of the Diencephalon?
Relays and processes sensory information
78
What is the function of the midbrain?
Process visual and auditory information
79
Define first order neuron
Delivers sensation directly to CNS
80
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Conscious thought processes, intellectual function, memory, regulation of skeletal muscle contractions Largest portion of brain
81
What make up the diencephalon, what is its function?
Made up of: Thalamus-relay and process sensory information between Hypothalamus- controls emotion, autonomic function, hormone production
82
What is the function of the Midbrain (Brainstem)
Process visual and auditory, generate reflexive somatic motor response, maintain consciousness
83
What is the function of Pons?
Relay sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus, subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
84
What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?
Relay sensory information to the thalamus, regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive
85
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinate complex somatic motor patterns
86
What is the function of the Falx cerebri?
Separates cerebral hemispheres
87
What is the function of the tentorium cerebelli?
Seperate cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum
88
What is the function of the Falx Cerebelli?
Divides the two cerebral hemispheres
89
In embryonic development the prosencephalon develops into the ______
Telencephalon (cerebrum and lateral ventricles) and Diencephalon (thalamus and third ventricle)
90
In embryonic development the Rhombencephalon forms the _____
Metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and the myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
91
Cerebrospinal fluid is responsible for ____
Supporting the brain Cushioning Transport of nutrients, chemicals, waste, and messages
92
Where is CSF produced?
Leaks from capillaries in the Choroid plexus, secretion into ventricles by Ependymal cells
93
Define descending tracts
Carry motor commands from higher centers to cranial or spinal nerve nuclei
94
Define ascending tracts
Carry sensory information from brainstem nuclei to the thalamus
95
What are the three major Somatic sensory pathways
Spinothalamic Posterior column Spinocerebellar
96
The spinothalamic pathway carries what type of signals?
Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
97
The posterior column pathway carries what type of information?
Fine touch, pressure, vibration
98
The spinocerebellar pathway carries what type of information?
Proprioceptive (perception of position) information
99
What is the function of cranial nerves 5-10?
Carry sensory information from mouth, larynx, trachea to target tissue
100
What is the function of spinal nerves T1-L2?
Carry sensory information from organs between diaphragm and pelvic cavity
101
What is the function of spinal nerves S2-S4?
Carry sensory information from organs in lower pelvic cavity
102
What is the function of the corticospinal pathway?
Provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles

Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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