Exam 3 Flashcards by Finley Richgels

What is photosynthesis

A process taking sunlight energy and turning it into chemical energy

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Light dependent reactions need

Light in order to function, to produce atp

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What does Metbolism do

Oxidation of sugars to generate ATP

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Light independent reaction in photosynthesis is

Calvin cycle

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Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Oxygen is produced

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Early investigators thought the oxygen produced by photosynthetic plants came from carbon dioxide.
In actual fact, it comes from:

H2O

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Chlorophyll absorbs light in the ______ range

400-500; 600-700

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The proteins of the electron transport chain active in the light-dependent reactions:

Photosystems 1 & 2

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Besides proteins, thylakoid must contain a large number of _________ Molecules in the reaction centers in order to harvest light energy

Chlorophyll

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Why are there several structurally different pigments in the reaction centers of photosystems?

To absorb different wavelengths of light

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The absorption spectrum of a plant shows what wavelengths of light the plant absorbs. The absorption spectrum depends on:

Structure of the absorptive pigments

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Energy from sunlight can excite electrons, kicking them out of their orbitals and creating free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules that have unpaired electrons. They degrade and destroy other compounds in their vicinity. Carotenoids, one of the pigments present in most chloroplasts, can stabilize these free radicals. This suggests that:

Carotenoids probably have a protective function in the cell.

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What event accompanies energy absorption by chlorophyll (or other pigment molecules of the
antenna complex)?

Stripping electrons from water and production of oxygen.

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Based on what you know about the structure and function of the antenna complex, irradiating a leaf
with which of the following light types would be result in the release of the greatest quantities of
oxygen? A) yellow light B) green light C) red light D) orange light

Blue

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What is the difference between NADP+ and NADPH?

NADP+ is reduced to NADPH in the light
reactions and NADPH carries those electrons (and proton) to help power the Calvin cycle to make glucose

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As electrons are passed through the system of electron carriers associated with photosystem II, they lose energy. What happens to this energy?

This energy is used to pump protons (H+) into the thylakoid space.

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The light-independent reactions of plants function to make organic molecules using carbon dioxide as a carbon source. What is the electron source that helps reduce carbon dioxide to sugars and other organic molecules?

NADPH is oxidized and donates the electrons and hydrogen that reduce the
sugars in the Calvin Cycle. These were originally stripped from H20

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How are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis related?

Light dependent reactions produce reduced molecule NADPH that then donates H and electrons and ATP that powers the light independent reactions that build sugars.

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Stoma, openings in the leaf, are important to photosynthesis for

Entry of CO2

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The organic molecule produced directly by photosynthesis is:

Sugar

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The photosynthetic process removes ___ from the environment.

Carbon Dioxide

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The process of splitting water to release hydrogens and electrons occurs during the _____ process.

Light dependant

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The process of fixing carbon dioxide into carbohydrates occurs in the ____ process.

Light independent

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Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through ____

Stomata

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The cellular transport process by which carbon dioxide enters a leaf (and by which water vapor and oxygen exit) is ___

Diffusion

Which of the following creatures would not be an autotroph?

fish

The process by which most of the world's autotrophs make their food is known as ____.

Photosynthesis

The process of ___ is how ADP + P are converted into ATP during the Light dependent process.

Chemiosmosis

Once ATP is converted into ADP + P, it must be ____

Recharged by chemiosmosis

Generally speaking, the longer the wavelength of light, the ___ the available energy of that light.

Smaller

The section of the electromagnetic spectrum used for photosynthesis is ___.

Visible light

The colors of light in the visible range (from longest wavelength to shortest) is ___.

Vibgyor

The photosynthetic pigment that is essential for the process to occur is __

Chlorophyll

When a pigment reflects red light, _____.

red light is reflected, all others are absorbed

Chlorophyll a absorbs light energy in the ____color range.

Yellow-green and red-orange

A photosystem is __

a collection of photosynthetic pigments arranged in a thylakoid membrane

The individual flattened stacks of membrane material inside the chloroplast are known as ___

Grana

The fluid-filled area of the chloroplast is the _____

stroma

The chloroplast contains all of these except ____

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

The chloroplasts of plants are most close in size to ______

bacteria in the human mouth

Which of these photosynthetic organisms does not have a chloroplast?

Cyanbacteria

Light of the green wavelengths is commonly absorbed by which accessory pigment?

beta carotene

The function of the electron transport proteins in the thyakoid membranes is ____

pumping of hydrogens into the thylakoid space for later generation of ATP by chemiosmosis

ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell because _____

ATP is the most readily usable form of energy for cells

Both cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation produce ATP. We can infer that the purpose of ATP in photosynthesis is to _____

supply energy that can be used to form a carbohydrate

The role of NADPH in oxygen-producing photosynthesis is to _____

supply hydrogen to the carbohydrate

The dark reactions require all of these chemicals to proceed except _____

Oxygen

The first stable chemical formed by the Calvin Cycle is ____

PGA

The hydrogen in the carbohydrate produced by the Calvin Cycle comes from __

NADPH

The carbon incorporated into the carbohydrate comes from ___.

Carbon dioxide

C-4 photosynthesis is so named because ____

it produces a four carbon compound as the first stable product of photosynthesis

What is the basis for the difference in how the leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules aresynthesized?1) A)Helicases and single-strand binding proteins work at the 5' end. B)DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only to the 3' end of a growing strand. C)DNA ligase works only in the 3'5' direction.D)The origins of replication occur only at the 5' end. E)Polymerase can work on only one strand at a time.

The leading and the lagging strands differ in that A)the leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand,and the lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5' end. B)the leading strand is synthesized at twice the rate of the lagging strand. C)the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replicationfork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction. D)the lagging strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the leading strand is synthesized inshort fragments that are ultimately stitched together.

What is the function of DNA polymerase III?

to add nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand

Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends onspecificity in the

bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNAthat binds the mRNA codon is

UUU

The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is

complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon

Which small-scale mutation would be most likely to have a catastrophic effect on the functioningof a protein?

a base deletion near the start of a gene

centromere

small, constricted chromosome region with attachment sites for microtubules

haploid or n cell

Having only one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species

diploid or 2n cell

Any cell having two of each type of chromosome characteristics of the species

Insertion Mutation

Gain one or more bases - Readying frame is shifted

Cytokinesis

Formation of two diploid daughters cells

Silent Mutation

Change in a base yet called the same amino acid - No affect on amino acid sequence

Missense Mutation

Change in a base causing a change in amino acid sequence

Nonsense Mutation

Change in base causing the carboxyl to end early

Substitution mutation

Replace one base with another

Frameshift mutation

1-base or more deletion or insertion

RNA always starts with

AUG / Met

Sickle Cell is due to

substiution mutation

What do Sickle cells look like and cause

The red blood cells are shaped to hook to each other and cause clots

The ability of genes from one species to be expressed in a different specices is possible bc of which property of genetic code?

the near universality of the genetic code (ATUGC)

DNA always starts with

ATG

Genotype

GENES! caused by changes in the DNA, make up our phenotypes

Phenotype

Physical characteristics! change in protein activity

What does rRNA make up

Ribosomes

Promoter

Sequence where RNA polumerase binds to DNA in Transcription

Transcription / RNA sythesis requires

Single strand of DNA (uncoiled) RNA plymerase (Enzyme) and Nucleotides

Transcription usees which enzyme

RNA polymerase

of aon of a gene that encodes protein is found on ___

Exons

An Amino Acid Polymer is a

Polupeptide (made by dehydration synthesis)

Translation occurs in the _____

Cytoplasm

3 base of RNA that codes for amino acides

Codon

How doesknow which amino acids to add to the growing polypeptide chain?

Reads the order of the codons

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle: Interphase

Growth, S-phase (DNA replication), Growth

Mitosis subdivistions

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Haploid

n (gametes)

Diploid

2n (somatic)

Missing Chromosome

Monosomy, usually fatal early on

Extra Chromosome

Trisomy, fatal except in the smallest chromosomes

Prophase

Chromosomes condense, sindle apparatus begins to form

Prometaphase

Nuclear enelope breaks down, Microtubles attach to chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase

Sister Chromatids seperate

Telophase

Nuclear envlope reappears, chromosomes decondense

Exam 3 Flashcards

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