Exam 3

Question 1

nutrient reference standards used to evaluate the nutrient intake of healthy people

Answer 1

daily recommended intake (DRI)

Question 2

the amount of nutrient needed per day for maintenance of good health

Answer 2

recommended dietary allowances (RDA)

Question 3

the highest dose of nutrient intake that may be consumed daily without risk of adverse effects in the general population

Answer 3

tolerable upper intake level (UL)

Question 4

recommended intakes for nutrients for which inadequate scientific data exist to establish an RDA with confidence

Answer 4

adequate intakes (AI)

Question 5

these vitamins are water soluble, generally not stored in the body, excessive quantities tend to be excreted in the urine

Answer 5

C, B

Question 6

these vitamins are fat soluble, soluble in lipids and are usually absorbed into the lymphatic system of the small intestine before passing into general circulation, absorption is facilitated by bile, stored in body tissues so ingestion of excessive quantities may be toxic

Answer 6

A, D, E, K

Question 7

this form of calcium is absorbed more in basic environments, better for patients who are on H2 receptor antagonists or PPIs

Answer 7

calcium citrate

Question 8

this form of calcium is insoluble in water, taken with meals to enhance absorption

Answer 8

calcium carbonate

Question 9

this is not as effective if taking more than 500 mg at one time (divide the doses if taking more than 500 mg), encourage getting this from regular diet not through supplements, constipation a common side effect, dietary sources (dairy, sardines, clams, oysters, turnip greens, mustard greens), lots of drug interactions, function (bones, teeth, ACh synthesis, muscle contractions, B12 absorption)

Answer 9

calcium

Question 10

dietary sources (liver, meat, egg yolk, legumes, whole or enriched grains, dark green vegetables, shrimp), drug interactions (antacids, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, levothyroxine), function (oxygen and electron transport), constipation a common side effect (may use with stool softener), can cause darkening of stool, can be given with vitamin C to improve absorption

Answer 10

iron

Question 11

which form of iron is gold standard for supplementation?

Answer 11

ferrous sulfate

Question 12

dietary sources (liver, milk fat, egg yolk, yellow and dark green veggies, apricots, cantaloupe, peaches, carrots), drug interaction with warfarin (increased bleeding risk), function (normal growth and reproduction, skeleton and teeth development, organ functioning - eyes)

Answer 12

vitamin A

Question 13

dietary sources (supplemented milk, egg yolk, liver, salmon, tuna, sardines, milk fat), function (bone formation and mineral homeostasis)

Answer 13

vitamin D

Question 14

dietary sources (green and red peppers, broccoli, spinach, tomatoes, potatoes, strawberries, citrus fruit, kiwi), function (helps the body form and maintain connective tissue, increase bones, blood vessels, skin, assists in iron absorption)

Answer 14

vitamin C

Question 15

dietary sources (wheat germ, vegetable oils, margarine, green leafy vegetables, milk fat, egg yolks, nuts), function (antioxidant - protecting cellular membranes from oxidative damage or destruction)

Answer 15

vitamin E

Question 16

dietary sources (liver, vegetable oil, spinach, kale, cabbage, cauliflower), function (clotting factor synthesis/activation, bone mineralization)

Answer 16

vitamin K

Question 17

dietary sources (liver, meat, poultry, oysters, clams, dairy), function (helps keep nerve and blood cells healthy and helps make DNA, prevents megaloblastic anemia)

Answer 17

vitamin B12

Question 18

dietary sources (liver, lean beef, wheat, whole-grain cereals, eggs, fish, dry beans, lentils, green leafy vegetables), functions (cell division, helps make DNA, fetus brain/spinal cord development)

Answer 18

folate/folic acid

Question 19

dietary sources (lean meats, fish, liver, poultry, many grains, eggs, peanuts, milk, legumes), functions (helps the digestive system skin nerves to function, helps convert food to energy)

Answer 19

niacin

Question 20

dietary sources (legumes, whole grain and enriched cereals/breads, wheat germ, pork, beef), function (helps the body’s cells change carbohydrates into energy - myocardial function, nerve cell function, carbohydrate metabolism)

Answer 20

thiamin (B1)

Question 21

dietary sources (whole-grain cereals, tofu, nuts, legumes, green vegetables), function (bone formation, enzyme function, nerve/muscle impulse transmission, sleep)

Answer 21

magnesium