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Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Ibuprofen?

A

Reduces inflammation, pain, and fever

Commonly used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

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2
Q

List the indications for Ibuprofen.

A
  • Moderate pain
  • Arthritis
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Fever
  • Tendinitis

Ibuprofen is frequently prescribed for various pain-related conditions.

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3
Q

What are the common effects of Ibuprofen?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Ulcers
  • Constipation
  • Fetal harm
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Stroke

Potential side effects must be monitored, especially in long-term use.

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4
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Ibuprofen?

A
  • Use with blood thinners
  • Monitor renal function
  • Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)

Caution is advised when patients are on other medications.

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5
Q

What is the route of administration for Ibuprofen?

A

Oral or IV with food or antacid

Taking with food or antacid can help reduce gastrointestinal side effects.

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6
Q

What class of medication does Ibuprofen belong to?

A

NSAID

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used for pain relief.

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Ketorolac?

A

Reduces inflammation, pain, and fever

Similar to Ibuprofen but typically used for more severe pain.

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8
Q

List the indications for Ketorolac.

A
  • Severe pain
  • Post-operative pain
  • Arthritis

It is often used in a hospital setting for acute pain management.

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9
Q

What are the common effects of Ketorolac?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Ulcers
  • Constipation
  • Fetal harm
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Stroke

Similar side effects to other NSAIDs.

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10
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Ketorolac?

A
  • Take instead of opioids
  • Limit use to 5 days
  • Monitor renal function

Short-term use is crucial to minimize risks.

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11
Q

What is the route of administration for Ketorolac?

A

Oral or IV

It can be given in various forms depending on the severity of pain.

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12
Q

What class of medication does Ketorolac belong to?

A

NSAID

An important class for managing pain and inflammation.

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Celecoxib?

A

Reduction of inflammation and pain

It is a selective COX-2 inhibitor.

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14
Q

List the indications for Celecoxib.

A
  • Acute pain
  • Arthritis
  • Dysmenorrhea

It’s used for various inflammatory conditions.

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15
Q

What are the common effects of Celecoxib?

A
  • Dyspepsia
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Cardiovascular (CV) risk
  • Allergy with sulfas
  • Fetal harm

Monitoring for allergic reactions is essential.

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16
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Celecoxib?

A
  • Monitor renal function

Regular assessment of kidney function is important.

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17
Q

What is the route of administration for Celecoxib?

A

Oral

Typically taken as a capsule.

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18
Q

What class of medication does Celecoxib belong to?

A

Second generation NSAID

It represents a newer class of NSAIDs with a different side effect profile.

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Acetaminophen?

A

Reduces prostaglandin synthesis

It works primarily in the central nervous system.

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20
Q

List the indications for Acetaminophen.

A
  • Reduced fever
  • Pain relief

Commonly used for mild to moderate pain and fever.

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21
Q

What are the common effects of Acetaminophen?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Epidermal necrosis
  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)

Rare but serious side effects can occur.

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22
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Acetaminophen?

A
  • Max of 3,000 mg for alcohol users or 4,000 mg for others

Dosage limits are crucial to avoid liver damage.

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23
Q

What is the route of administration for Acetaminophen?

A

Oral or IV

Available in multiple formulations for ease of use.

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24
Q

What is the treatment for Acetaminophen overdose?

A

Acetylcysteine (Acetadote)

An antidote that replenishes glutathione levels in the liver.

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25
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Sulfasalazine?
Modulates chemical mediators of inflammatory response ## Footnote Used primarily for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arthritis.
26
List the indications for Sulfasalazine.
* Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) * Arthritis ## Footnote It is often used in chronic inflammatory conditions.
27
What are the common effects of Sulfasalazine?
* Nausea * Vomiting * Diarrhea * Rash * Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) * Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) * Hepatitis * Bone marrow suppression ## Footnote Regular monitoring is needed due to potential serious side effects.
28
What considerations should be taken when using Sulfasalazine?
* Monitor bone marrow for 3 months * Assess for sulfa allergy ## Footnote Patients with a history of sulfa allergies should avoid this medication.
29
What is the route of administration for Sulfasalazine?
Oral after meals and divide daily dose ## Footnote Taking it with food can help reduce gastrointestinal upset.
30
What class of medication does Sulfasalazine belong to?
Non-biologic DMARD ## Footnote Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are used to slow the progression of arthritis.
31
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Etanercept?
Inhibits inflammation by neutralizing TNF (tumor necrosis factor) ## Footnote It targets a key mediator of inflammation.
32
List the indications for Etanercept.
* Severe arthritis ## Footnote Primarily used in autoimmune conditions.
33
What are the common effects of Etanercept?
* Sepsis * Black box warning * Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) * Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) * Heart failure (HF) * Liver injury ## Footnote Close monitoring for infections and other serious side effects is necessary.
34
What is the route of administration for Etanercept?
Subcutaneous (SQ) ## Footnote Administered via injection.
35
What class of medication does Etanercept belong to?
Biologic DMARD - Tumor necrosis antagonist ## Footnote A targeted therapy for autoimmune diseases.
36
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Rituximab?
Depletes B cells via lysis and apoptosis ## Footnote Used in certain autoimmune disorders.
37
List the indications for Rituximab.
* Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ## Footnote It is often used in combination therapies.
38
What are the common effects of Rituximab?
* Flu-like symptoms * Hypotension * Myocardial infarction (MI) * Bronchospasm * Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) * Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) * Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation ## Footnote Monitoring for viral reactivation is crucial.
39
What considerations should be taken when using Rituximab?
* Pre-medicate with glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and oxygen * Screen for HBV ## Footnote Preventive measures are important for patient safety.
40
What is the route of administration for Rituximab?
IV, starting at 50 mg/hr and increasing to 400 mg/hr ## Footnote Administered slowly to monitor for reactions.
41
What class of medication does Rituximab belong to?
Biologic DMARD - Lymph depleting agent ## Footnote It specifically targets B cells.
42
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Abatacept?
Prevents cell activation reducing production of TNF and gamma ## Footnote It modulates the immune response.
43
List the indications for Abatacept.
* Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ## Footnote Used in patients who have not responded to other treatments.
44
What are the common effects of Abatacept?
* Headache * Upper respiratory infection (URI) * Nausea * Cellulitis * Urinary tract infection (UTI) ## Footnote Monitoring for infections is important.
45
What considerations should be taken when using Abatacept?
No vaccines for 3 months ## Footnote Live vaccines should be avoided during and after treatment.
46
What is the route of administration for Abatacept?
IV initially, then transitioned to SQ therapy ## Footnote It allows for flexibility in administration.
47
What class of medication does Abatacept belong to?
Biologic DMARD - T-cell activation ## Footnote Targets T-cell activation to reduce inflammation.
48
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Colchicine?
Disperses microtubules stopping leukocytes ## Footnote Used specifically for gout management.
49
List the indications for Colchicine.
* Gout attack * Prophylaxis of future gout attacks ## Footnote It's effective for acute and preventive treatment.
50
What are the common effects of Colchicine?
* Nausea * Vomiting * Diarrhea * Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis * Bone marrow suppression ## Footnote Regular monitoring is essential due to potential serious side effects.
51
What considerations should be taken when using Colchicine?
* Assess cardiac, renal, and hepatic function * Monitor muscle pain ## Footnote Patients should be evaluated for underlying conditions.
52
What is the route of administration for Colchicine?
Oral ## Footnote It is usually taken as a tablet.
53
What class of medication does Colchicine belong to?
Anti-inflammatory ## Footnote It specifically targets inflammation related to gout.
54
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Allopurinol?
Decreases uric acid production ## Footnote It is used to manage gout and prevent kidney stones.
55
List the indications for Allopurinol.
* Manages gout * Nephrolithiasis * Prevents lysis syndrome ## Footnote It is a key medication in chronic gout management.
56
What are the common effects of Allopurinol?
* Nausea * Vomiting * Diarrhea * Drowsiness * Headache * Cataracts ## Footnote Regular monitoring of vision and overall health is necessary.
57
What considerations should be taken when using Allopurinol?
* Monitor vision * Increase fluid intake ## Footnote Hydration is important to help prevent kidney stones.
58
What is the route of administration for Allopurinol?
Oral ## Footnote Typically taken as a tablet.
59
What class of medication does Allopurinol belong to?
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor ## Footnote It helps reduce uric acid levels in the body.
60
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Probenecid?
Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid, excretes uric acid ## Footnote It is used to manage gout.
61
List the indications for Probenecid.
* Manages gout ## Footnote It is often used in conjunction with other medications.
62
What are the common effects of Probenecid?
* Nausea * Vomiting * Renal injury ## Footnote Regular monitoring of renal function is essential.
63
What considerations should be taken when using Probenecid?
Increase fluid intake ## Footnote Adequate hydration helps in the excretion of uric acid.
64
What is the route of administration for Probenecid?
Oral with food ## Footnote Taking it with food can help reduce gastrointestinal upset.
65
What class of medication does Probenecid belong to?
Uricosuric ## Footnote It promotes the excretion of uric acid.
66
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Pegloticase?
Converts uric acid to allantoin (water soluble), excreting it from kidneys ## Footnote Used as a last resort for gout management.
67
List the indications for Pegloticase.
* Only used if not responsive to lower therapies ## Footnote It is typically reserved for severe cases.
68
What are the common effects of Pegloticase?
* Gout flare * Anaphylaxis ## Footnote Patients should be monitored closely for allergic reactions.
69
What considerations should be taken when using Pegloticase?
* Pre-medicate with antihistamine and glucocorticoid * Expensive ## Footnote Cost may be a barrier for some patients.
70
What is the route of administration for Pegloticase?
IV, slow infusion ## Footnote Administered in a controlled setting due to potential reactions.
71
What class of medication does Pegloticase belong to?
Recombinant uric acid oxidase ## Footnote It is a biological agent for treating gout.
72
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Sumatriptan?
Vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels ## Footnote Used for treating migraine and cluster headaches.
73
List the indications for Sumatriptan.
* Migraine * Cluster headache ## Footnote Effective in aborting acute headache attacks.
74
What are the common effects of Sumatriptan?
* Chest pressure * Coronary vasospasm * Fetal harm ## Footnote Monitoring for cardiovascular effects is important.
75
What considerations should be taken when using Sumatriptan?
* Avoid in patients with cardiovascular (CV) issues * Not for pregnant women * Risk of serotonin syndrome ## Footnote Caution is advised in specific populations.
76
What is the route of administration for Sumatriptan?
Enteral and parenteral ## Footnote Available in various forms including injection.
77
What class of medication does Sumatriptan belong to?
Serotonin receptor agonist ## Footnote It specifically targets serotonin receptors to alleviate headaches.
78
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Ergotamine?
Blocks inflammation, activates serotonin ## Footnote Used as a second-line treatment for migraines.
79
List the indications for Ergotamine.
* Second line for migraines ## Footnote Typically used when other treatments are ineffective.
80
What are the common effects of Ergotamine?
* Contraindicated in renal impairments * Sepsis * Coronary artery disease (CAD) * Hypertension * Fetal harm ## Footnote Serious contraindications necessitate careful patient selection.
81
What considerations should be taken when using Ergotamine?
Monitor for liver or kidney injury ## Footnote Regular function tests are advisable.
82
What is the route of administration for Ergotamine?
Oral, rectal, sublingual ## Footnote Multiple routes allow for flexibility in administration.
83
What class of medication does Ergotamine belong to?
Ergot Alkaloids ## Footnote A traditional class of medications for headache management.
84
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Amitriptyline?
Inhibits serotonin reuptake ## Footnote Used for tension headache prophylaxis.
85
What are the common effects of Amitriptyline?
* Hypotension * Dysrhythmias ## Footnote Monitoring for cardiovascular effects is important.
86
What class of medication does Amitriptyline belong to?
Tricyclic Anti-depressant ## Footnote It is commonly used for chronic pain management.
87
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Baclofen?
Suppresses hyperactive reflexes, mimics GABA ## Footnote Used for muscle spasticity.
88
List the indications for Baclofen.
* Multiple sclerosis (MS) * Spinal cord injury ## Footnote Effective in managing muscle spasticity.
89
What are the common effects of Baclofen?
* Drowsiness * Dizziness * Fatigue * Constipation * Urinary retention ## Footnote Caution with activities requiring alertness.
90
What considerations should be taken when using Baclofen?
No alcohol * Worsening urinary retention ## Footnote Alcohol can exacerbate side effects.
91
What is the route of administration for Baclofen?
Oral, wean off ## Footnote Gradual discontinuation is important to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
92
What class of medication does Baclofen belong to?
Muscle relaxer Spasticity ## Footnote It specifically targets spasticity associated with neurological conditions.
93
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Cyclobenzaprine?
Reduces tonic somatic motor activity ## Footnote Used for localized muscle spasms.
94
List the indications for Cyclobenzaprine.
* Localized muscle spasms * Musculoskeletal injury ## Footnote Often prescribed for short-term relief.
95
What are the common effects of Cyclobenzaprine?
* Anticholinergic effects * ST conduction delay ## Footnote Monitoring cardiac function may be necessary.
96
What considerations should be taken when using Cyclobenzaprine?
No alcohol * Risk of serotonin syndrome ## Footnote Caution with other serotonergic medications.
97
What is the route of administration for Cyclobenzaprine?
Oral ## Footnote It is typically taken as a tablet.
98
What class of medication does Cyclobenzaprine belong to?
Skeletal muscle relaxer Muscle spasm ## Footnote It specifically targets muscle spasms.
99
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Morphine?
Mimics opioid peptide actions ## Footnote A potent analgesic used for severe pain.
100
List the indications for Morphine.
* Myocardial infarction (MI) * Anxiety * Pre-operative sedation ## Footnote It is often used in acute pain settings.
101
What are the common effects of Morphine?
* Respiratory depression * Constipation * Urinary retention * Hypotension ## Footnote Close monitoring for respiratory function is crucial.
102
What considerations should be taken when using Morphine?
Dependence * Misuse ## Footnote Risk of addiction and tolerance must be managed.
103
What is the route of administration for Morphine?
Oral and parenteral ## Footnote Available in various forms including injections.
104
What class of medication does Morphine belong to?
Pure agonist ## Footnote It is a standard reference for opioid analgesics.
105
What is the treatment for Morphine overdose?
Naloxone ## Footnote An opioid antagonist used to reverse overdose effects.
106
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Fentanyl?
Mimics peptide actions ## Footnote A powerful synthetic opioid.
107
List the indications for Fentanyl.
* Surgical analgesia * Rapid intubation * ICU sedation ## Footnote It is often used in critical care settings.
108
What are the common effects of Fentanyl?
* Respiratory depression * Constipation * Urinary retention * Hypotension ## Footnote Similar side effects to other opioids.
109
What considerations should be taken when using Fentanyl?
Transmucosal for cancer patients * Dependence and misuse ## Footnote Special formulations are available for specific patient populations.
110
What is the route of administration for Fentanyl?
All ## Footnote Available in multiple forms including patches and injections.
111
What class of medication does Fentanyl belong to?
Pure agonist ## Footnote It is a high-potency opioid.
112
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Codeine?
Mimics peptide actions ## Footnote A less potent opioid used for pain and cough relief.
113
List the indications for Codeine.
* Short-term relief of cough ## Footnote It is often used in cough syrups.
114
What are the common effects of Codeine?
* Similar to morphine * Excessive sleepiness * Poor feeding ## Footnote Monitoring for sedation is important in certain populations.
115
What considerations should be taken when using Codeine?
Dependence * Misuse ## Footnote Risks associated with opioid medications.
116
What is the route of administration for Codeine?
Oral or solution ## Footnote It is available in various formulations.
117
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Tramadol?
Blocks norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake ## Footnote It has dual analgesic properties.
118
List the indications for Tramadol.
* Moderate to severe pain ## Footnote It is often used for pain relief in various conditions.
119
What are the common effects of Tramadol?
* Respiratory depression is low * Serotonin syndrome ## Footnote Caution with concurrent serotonergic medications.
120
What considerations should be taken when using Tramadol?
Closely monitor SSRI, SNRI, and MAOI medications ## Footnote Interactions can lead to serious side effects.
121
What is the route of administration for Tramadol?
Oral ## Footnote Typically taken as a tablet.
122
What class of medication does Tramadol belong to?
Opioid/not-opioid ## Footnote It has a unique mechanism compared to traditional opioids.
123
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Methadone?
Mimics peptide actions ## Footnote Used in opioid use disorder treatment.
124
List the indications for Methadone.
* Opioid use disorder * Short-term opioid withdrawal ## Footnote It is used for both pain management and addiction treatment.
125
What are the common effects of Methadone?
* Prolonged QT interval ## Footnote Cardiac monitoring is essential.
126
What considerations should be taken when using Methadone?
Baseline ECG * Telemetry ## Footnote Continuous monitoring is important for safety.
127
What is the route of administration for Methadone?
PO, IM, IV ## Footnote It can be given in various forms depending on the situation.
128
What class of medication does Methadone belong to?
Long-acting pure agonist ## Footnote It is used for both pain relief and addiction treatment.
129
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Buprenorphine/Naloxone?
Antagonist action at kappa receptors ## Footnote Used in opioid dependence treatment.
130
List the indications for Buprenorphine/Naloxone.
* Pain relief * Withdrawal ## Footnote It helps manage opioid dependence effectively.
131
What are the common effects of Buprenorphine/Naloxone?
* Prolonged QT interval ## Footnote Cardiac monitoring may be necessary.
132
What considerations should be taken when using Buprenorphine/Naloxone?
Baseline ECG * Telemetry * Cannot reverse toxicity ## Footnote It is important to understand its unique pharmacological properties.
133
What is the route of administration for Buprenorphine/Naloxone?
All ## Footnote Available in various formulations including sublingual.
134
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Naloxone?
Blocks opioid action ## Footnote Used in overdose situations.
135
List the indications for Naloxone.
* Overdose * Neonatal respiratory depression ## Footnote It is a lifesaving medication in emergency settings.
136
What considerations should be taken when using Naloxone?
Will not help if caused by non-opioid * Short half-life * Pain management ## Footnote Patients may require additional doses as needed.
137
What is the route of administration for Naloxone?
All ## Footnote Available in multiple forms including intranasal and injectable.
138
What class of medication does Naloxone belong to?
Competitive antagonist ## Footnote It specifically targets opioid receptors.
139
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Pantoprazole?
Inhibit hydrogen/potassium pump preventing gastric acid ## Footnote Used for conditions like GERD.
140
List the indications for Pantoprazole.
* GERD * Gastric ulcers * Gastrocarcinomas * Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome ## Footnote A common medication for acid-related disorders.
141
What are the common effects of Pantoprazole?
* Fractures * Rebound acid hypersecretion * Clostridium difficile infection (C. diff) * Pneumonia ## Footnote Long-term use requires monitoring for side effects.
142
What considerations should be taken when using Pantoprazole?
* Can't crush or chew * Monitor magnesium, calcium, B12 levels ## Footnote Nutritional deficiencies can occur with long-term use.
143
What is the class of medication does Pantoprazole belong to?
PPI (Proton Pump Inhibitor) ## Footnote A widely used class for managing gastric acid-related disorders.
144
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Famotidine?
Blocks histamine from binding, blocking release of HCl ## Footnote Used for conditions like GERD.
145
List the indications for Famotidine.
* GERD * Ulcers * Heartburn * Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome ## Footnote It is often prescribed for acid-related disorders.
146
What are the common effects of Famotidine?
* Confusion * Hallucinations * Seizures * C. diff * Pneumonia ## Footnote Monitoring for neuropsychiatric effects is important.
147
What considerations should be taken when using Famotidine?
Administer without regard to food ## Footnote It can be taken at any time.
148
What is the class of medication does Famotidine belong to?
Histamine 2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) ## Footnote A common class for reducing gastric acid secretion.
149
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Sucrafate?
Creates gel to barrier ulcers ## Footnote Used for treating ulcers.
150
List the indications for Sucrafate.
* Ulcers ## Footnote It works by providing a protective barrier.
151
What are the common effects of Sucrafate?
* Constipation ## Footnote Monitoring bowel habits is important.
152
What considerations should be taken when using Sucrafate?
Increases gastric pH * 2 hours apart from other meds ## Footnote Timing with other medications is crucial.
153
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Misoprostol?
Promotes bicarbonate and mucus secretion ## Footnote Used for preventing gastric ulcers.
154
List the indications for Misoprostol.
* Prevents gastric ulcers * Softens cervix * Used in miscarriage ## Footnote It has multiple uses in both gastrointestinal and obstetric settings.
155
What are the common effects of Misoprostol?
* Diarrhea * Spotting ## Footnote Monitoring for gastrointestinal side effects is necessary.
156
What considerations should be taken when using Misoprostol?
Don’t take when pregnant * Take with food ## Footnote It can induce uterine contractions.
157
What is the class of medication does Misoprostol belong to?
Prostaglandin E1 ## Footnote It has protective effects on the gastric mucosa.
158
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Psyllium?
Swells in water to bulk stool ## Footnote Used as a laxative.
159
List the indications for Psyllium.
* Constipation * Diverticulitis * Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) ## Footnote It is often used for dietary fiber supplementation.
160
What are the common effects of Psyllium?
* Esophageal obstruction ## Footnote Adequate fluid intake is crucial when using this laxative.
161
What considerations should be taken when using Psyllium?
Take with lots of water ## Footnote Fluid helps to prevent obstruction.
162
What is the class of medication does Psyllium belong to?
Bulk forming ## Footnote It is a key component of fiber-based laxatives.
163
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Docusate?
Decreases surface tension to allow water absorption ## Footnote Used as a stool softener.
164
List the indications for Docusate.
* Constipation ## Footnote It is often used to prevent straining.
165
What are the common effects of Docusate?
* Cramping * Nausea * Diarrhea * Bitter taste ## Footnote Monitoring bowel habits is important.
166
What considerations should be taken when using Docusate?
Take with lots of water ## Footnote Adequate hydration is necessary.
167
What is the class of medication does Docusate belong to?
Stool softener ## Footnote It helps to ease bowel movements.
168
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Bisacodyl?
Stimulates intestinal motility ## Footnote It is used as a stimulant laxative.
169
List the indications for Bisacodyl.
* Opioid constipation * Low bowel movement constipation ## Footnote Effective for short-term relief.
170
What are the common effects of Bisacodyl?
* Burning sensation ## Footnote It may cause discomfort during use.
171
What considerations should be taken when using Bisacodyl?
Don’t crush or chew * Don’t take with milk or antacids ## Footnote It can interfere with the medication's effectiveness.
172
What is the class of medication does Bisacodyl belong to?
Stimulant ## Footnote It is commonly used for acute constipation.
173
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Polyethylene Glycol?
Draws water into lumen of intestines ## Footnote Used as an osmotic laxative.
174
List the indications for Polyethylene Glycol.
* Bowel prep for procedures * Chronic constipation ## Footnote It is often used before diagnostic procedures.
175
What are the common effects of Polyethylene Glycol?
* Nausea * Diarrhea * Bloating * Cramping * Dehydration ## Footnote Monitoring hydration is essential.
176
What considerations should be taken when using Polyethylene Glycol?
Increase fluid intake * Takes 2-4 days for results ## Footnote Patients should be informed of the time frame for effects.
177
What is the class of medication does Polyethylene Glycol belong to?
Osmotic (like magnesium citrate and lactulose) ## Footnote It works by increasing the amount of water in the intestines.
178
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solutions?
Clears out intestines ## Footnote Used for bowel preparation.
179
List the indications for Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solutions.
* Clears out intestines ## Footnote Commonly used before procedures.
180
What are the common effects of Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solutions?
* Nausea * Bloating * Abdominal cramps ## Footnote Patients should be monitored during administration.
181
What considerations should be taken when using Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solutions?
250-300 mL every 10 mins for 2-3 hrs ## Footnote Patients should be instructed on the dosing regimen.
182
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Diphenoxylate & Atropine?
Allow for more time for absorption ## Footnote Used as an anti-diarrheal.
183
List the indications for Diphenoxylate & Atropine.
* Diarrhea ## Footnote It helps to manage acute diarrhea.
184
What are the common effects of Diphenoxylate & Atropine?
* Morphine-like effects * Anticholinergic effects ## Footnote Caution is advised due to potential side effects.
185
What considerations should be taken when using Diphenoxylate & Atropine?
Overdose risk ## Footnote Patients should be educated about the signs of overdose.
186
What is the class of medication does Diphenoxylate & Atropine belong to?
Opioid ## Footnote It is used to slow down gut motility.
187
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Alosetron?
Blocks serotonin receptors ## Footnote Used for treating IBS-D in women.
188
List the indications for Alosetron.
* IBS-D in women ## Footnote It is specifically indicated for female patients.
189
What are the common effects of Alosetron?
* Constipation * Perforation * Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) ## Footnote Patients must be monitored closely due to potential serious side effects.
190
What considerations should be taken when using Alosetron?
FDA risk management * Stop if not helping in 4 weeks ## Footnote Patients should be informed about the monitoring requirements.
191
What is the class of medication does Alosetron belong to?
Serotonin receptor antagonist ## Footnote It specifically targets serotonin pathways in the gut.
192
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Lubiprostone?
Releases more chloride that enhances motility ## Footnote Used for treating IBS-C in females.
193
List the indications for Lubiprostone.
* IBS-C in females * Constipation ## Footnote It is specifically indicated for female patients.
194
What are the common effects of Lubiprostone?
* Nausea * Vomiting * Diarrhea * Chest tightness ## Footnote Patients should be monitored for gastrointestinal side effects.
195
What considerations should be taken when using Lubiprostone?
Administer with food to reduce nausea * 1-2 days for results ## Footnote Patients should be informed about the onset of action.
196
What is the class of medication does Lubiprostone belong to?
Chloride channel activator ## Footnote It promotes gastrointestinal motility.
197
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Ondansetron?
Blocks 3 receptors on vagal nerve and CTZ ## Footnote Used as an antiemetic.
198
List the indications for Ondansetron.
* Nausea and vomiting from radiotherapy and anesthesia ## Footnote It is frequently used in postoperative settings.
199
What are the common effects of Ondansetron?
* Headache * Constipation * Prolonged QT ## Footnote Cardiac monitoring may be necessary.
200
What considerations should be taken when using Ondansetron?
Telemetry * Infuse slowly over 15-30 mins * Most effective with glucocorticoids like Decadron ## Footnote Co-administration with glucocorticoids can enhance effectiveness.
201
What is the class of medication does Ondansetron belong to?
Serotonin receptor antagonist ## Footnote It specifically targets serotonin receptors to prevent nausea.
202
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Aprepitant?
Blocks neurokinin in trigger zone ## Footnote Used for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.
203
List the indications for Aprepitant.
* Post-operative nausea and vomiting ## Footnote It is often used in combination with other antiemetics.
204
What are the common effects of Aprepitant?
* Liver injury ## Footnote Liver function should be monitored.
205
What considerations should be taken when using Aprepitant?
Combination with ondansetron and corticosteroids * Higher dose if on warfarin or contraceptives * Watch liver enzymes ## Footnote Drug interactions can affect treatment outcomes.
206
What is the class of medication does Aprepitant belong to?
Neurokinin 1 antagonist ## Footnote It is a novel class for managing nausea.
207
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Lorazepam?
Promotes CNS depression ## Footnote Used for sedation and anticipatory emesis.
208
List the indications for Lorazepam.
* Sedation * Anticipatory emesis * Amnesia ## Footnote Often used in preoperative settings.
209
What are the common effects of Lorazepam?
* CNS depression ## Footnote Monitoring for sedation levels is important.
210
What considerations should be taken when using Lorazepam?
Monitor neuro status ## Footnote Patients should be evaluated for sedation.
211
What is the route of administration for Lorazepam?
All ## Footnote Available in multiple forms including oral and injectable.
212
What is the treatment for Lorazepam overdose?
Flumazenil ## Footnote An antagonist used to reverse benzodiazepine effects.
213
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Promethazine?
Blocks dopamine receptors ## Footnote Used as an antiemetic.
214
List the indications for Promethazine.
* Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) * Post-operative nausea and vomiting ## Footnote It is frequently used in surgical and oncology settings.
215
What are the common effects of Promethazine?
* Respiratory depression * Local tissue injury ## Footnote Caution is necessary when administering.
216
What considerations should be taken when using Promethazine?
Monitor neuro status ## Footnote Patients should be evaluated for sedation.
217
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Metoclopramide?
Enhances acetylcholine which increases upper GI motility, blocks dopamine and serotonin ## Footnote Used for various gastrointestinal conditions.
218
List the indications for Metoclopramide.
* Oral (GERD suppression, Diabetic gastroparesis) * IV (nausea/vomiting) ## Footnote It is effective for both gastrointestinal motility and antiemetic effects.
219
What are the common effects of Metoclopramide?
* Sedation * Diarrhea ## Footnote Monitoring for gastrointestinal side effects is necessary.
220
What considerations should be taken when using Metoclopramide?
Contraindicated in GI obstruction, perforation, or hemorrhage ## Footnote Safety assessments are crucial before administration.
221
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Dronabinol?
Unknown ## Footnote Used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).
222
List the indications for Dronabinol.
* CINV * Reverse weight loss ## Footnote It is often used in cancer patients.
223
What are the common effects of Dronabinol?
* Psychoactive effects due to THC activation ## Footnote Monitoring for psychiatric effects may be necessary.
224
What considerations should be taken when using Dronabinol?
Lower dose stimulates appetite, higher dose prevents emesis ## Footnote Dosing should be tailored to patient needs.
225
What is the class of medication does Dronabinol belong to?
Cannabinoid (THC) ## Footnote It is a unique class for managing nausea and appetite.
226
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Ferrous Sulfate?
Indicated for anemia ## Footnote It is a common iron supplement.
227
List the common effects of Ferrous Sulfate.
* Nausea * Vomiting * Diarrhea * Heartburn * Bloating * Green or black stool * Vasomotor collapse ## Footnote Side effects can be significant, and patients should be informed.
228
What considerations should be taken when using Ferrous Sulfate?
Co-administer with vitamin C ## Footnote Vitamin C enhances iron absorption.
229
What is the class of medication does Ferrous Sulfate belong to?
Ferrous salt ## Footnote It is a key treatment for iron deficiency anemia.
230
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Cyanocobalamin?
Indicated for B12 anemia ## Footnote It is a vitamin B12 supplement.
231
List the common effects of Cyanocobalamin.
* Hypokalemia * Muscle weakness ## Footnote Monitoring potassium levels may be necessary.
232
What considerations should be taken when using Cyanocobalamin?
Lifelong shots ## Footnote Patients with B12 deficiency often require ongoing treatment.
233
What is the class of medication does Cyanocobalamin belong to?
Crystalline B12 prep ## Footnote It is a standard treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency.
234
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Folic Acid?
Indicated for folic acid anemia ## Footnote It is a vitamin B9 supplement.
235
List the common effects of Folic Acid.
* Long term dosing may increase prostate or rectal cancer risk ## Footnote Monitoring is necessary for long-term use.
236
What considerations should be taken when using Folic Acid?
Watch for masking ## Footnote It can mask vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms.
237
What is the class of medication does Folic Acid belong to?
Inactive ## Footnote It is a standard treatment for folic acid deficiency.
238
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Epoetin Alfa?
Releases reticulocytes from bone marrow ## Footnote Used for treating anemia.
239
List the indications for Epoetin Alfa.
* Chemo-anemia * HIV patients * Pre-op for anemic patients ## Footnote It helps to stimulate red blood cell production.
240
What are the common effects of Epoetin Alfa?
* Hypertension * Myocardial infarction (MI) * Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) * Heart failure (HF) * Hemoglobin rises too quickly ## Footnote Close monitoring is essential to prevent complications.
241
What considerations should be taken when using Epoetin Alfa?
Do not agitate vial * Monitor cardiovascular status * Monitor hemoglobin less than 11 ## Footnote Safety assessments are crucial before administration.
242
What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Filgrastim?
Activates neutrophils ## Footnote Used in patients with neutropenia.
243
List the indications for Filgrastim.
* Myelosuppressive chemotherapy * Chemotherapy + bone marrow transplant for non-myeloid * Chronic neutropenia ## Footnote It helps to increase white blood cell counts.
244
What are the common effects of Filgrastim?
* Bone pain * Leukocytosis ## Footnote Patients may experience discomfort from increased white blood cell production.
245
What considerations should be taken when using Filgrastim?
Room temperature * Do not agitate * Roll for mixing * Discontinue after ANC reaches 10,000 ## Footnote Monitoring is essential to prevent complications.
246
What is hypertension?
A condition characterized by elevated blood pressure levels ## Footnote Hypertension can lead to serious health issues such as MI, CVA, and HF.
247
What does MI stand for?
Myocardial Infarction ## Footnote MI is commonly known as a heart attack.
248
What does CVA stand for?
Cerebrovascular Accident ## Footnote CVA is commonly known as a stroke.
249
What does HF stand for?
Heart Failure ## Footnote HF can result from various cardiovascular conditions.
250
What is the significance of monitoring hemoglobin levels?
Hemoglobin levels less than 11 require monitoring ## Footnote Rapid rises in hemoglobin can indicate complications.
251
What are Granulocytes?
A type of white blood cell important for fighting infections ## Footnote Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
252
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Filgrastim (Neupogen)?
Activates neutrophils ## Footnote It is used in myelosuppressive chemotherapy and chronic neutropenia.
253
What are the key effects of Filgrastim (Neupogen)?
* Bone pain * Leukocytosis ## Footnote These effects are common during treatment.
254
What is Romiplostim (Nplate) used for?
To minimize thrombocytopenia ## Footnote It increases platelet count by activating the thrombopoietin receptor.
255
What are the effects of Romiplostim (Nplate)?
* Abdominal pain * Dizziness * Headache * DVT * PE * Stroke * MI ## Footnote Monitor CBC and ensure platelet count increases greater than 50,000.
256
What is the mechanism of action of Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)?
Damages DNA by adding a chemical to guanine ## Footnote It is used in the treatment of various cancers.
257
What are the side effects of Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)?
* Toxicity to bone marrow * Nausea/vomiting * Hemorrhagic cystitis ## Footnote Hydration and MENSA (Mesnex) are considerations to limit bladder injury.
258
What is the mechanism of action of Cisplatin (Platinol)?
Creates kinks and knobs in DNA strands ## Footnote It is effective against testicular, ovarian, and bladder cancers.
259
What are the effects of Cisplatin (Platinol)?
* Nausea/vomiting * Kidney damage * Bone marrow suppression * Ototoxicity ## Footnote Hydration with diuretic therapy is important.
260
What is the mechanism of action of Methotrexate (Rheumatrex)?
Blocks the use of folic acid, causing cells to stop dividing ## Footnote It is indicated for several cancers and autoimmune conditions.
261
What are the side effects of Methotrexate (Rheumatrex)?
* Bone marrow suppression * Pulmonary fibrosis * Oral ulceration ## Footnote Urine alkalinizing agents may be used to promote drug excretion.
262
What is the mechanism of action of Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)?
Damages DNA of cancer cells ## Footnote It is commonly used in various solid tumors and lymphomas.
263
What are the side effects of Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)?
* Cardiotoxicity * Heart failure * Body fluids turn red ## Footnote Administer dexrazoxane (Totect) to limit cardiotoxicity.
264
What is Tamoxifen (Soltamox) used for?
Blocks estrogen from attaching to cancerous cells ## Footnote It is indicated for metastatic breast cancer.
265
What are the effects of Tamoxifen (Soltamox)?
* Hot flashes * Fluid retention * Vaginal discharge * Nausea/vomiting * DVT ## Footnote Monitor for thrombolytic risk and menstrual bleeding.
266
What is Anastrozole (Arimidex) used for?
Blocks the aromatase enzyme to reduce estrogen production ## Footnote It is indicated for breast cancer treatment in postmenopausal women.
267
What are the side effects of Anastrozole (Arimidex)?
* Lack of energy * Headache * Osteoporosis * Fractures * Vaginal dryness * Hot flashes ## Footnote Increase intake of calcium and vitamin D.
268
What is Leuprolide (Eligard) used for?
Suppresses production of androgen by testes ## Footnote It is indicated for prostate carcinoma and endometriosis.
269
What are the effects of Leuprolide (Eligard)?
* Hot flashes * Erectile dysfunction * Loss of libido * Reduced muscle mass * MI * CVA ## Footnote Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is recommended.
270
What are the five mechanisms of action for antiepileptic drugs?
* Decrease Na+ * Decrease Ca+ * Increase K+ * Decrease glutamate * Increase GABA ## Footnote These mechanisms help in controlling seizures.
271
What is the MOA of Phenytoin (Dilantin)?
Decreases Na in cells ## Footnote It is used for partial and tonic-clonic seizures.
272
What are the side effects of Phenytoin (Dilantin)?
* Slurred speech * Mental confusion * Tremor * Headache * Purple glove syndrome * Teratogenic effects * Increased glucose ## Footnote Monitor serum levels between 10-20 mcg/ml.
273
What is the MOA of Carbamazepine (Tegretol)?
Delayed recovery of sodium channels ## Footnote It is indicated for focal seizures and bipolar disorder.
274
What are the side effects of Carbamazepine (Tegretol)?
* Nystagmus * Anemia * Thrombocytopenia * Rash ## Footnote Monitor CBC and platelet levels.
275
What is the MOA of Valproate-divalproex (Depakote)?
Enhances the action of GABA receptor ## Footnote It is used for various types of seizures and bipolar disorder.
276
What are the side effects of Valproate-divalproex (Depakote)?
* Nausea/vomiting * Liver dysfunction * Pancreatitis ## Footnote Liver function tests should be monitored.
277
What is the MOA of Gabapentin (Neurontin)?
Enhances GABA ## Footnote It is indicated for focal-onset seizures.
278
What are the side effects of Gabapentin (Neurontin)?
* Somnolence * Dizziness * Fatigue * Nystagmus * Edema ## Footnote Do not stop suddenly.
279
What is the MOA of Paroxetine (Paxil)?
Inhibits reuptake of serotonin ## Footnote It is used for GAD, OCD, and major depression.
280
What are the side effects of Paroxetine (Paxil)?
* Suicidal thoughts * SJS * Dizziness * Drowsiness * Anxiety * Headache * Dry mouth ## Footnote Watch for neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
281
What is the MOA of Fluoxetine (Prozac)?
Blocks serotonin reuptake ## Footnote It is indicated for depression, bipolar disorder, panic, and OCD.
282
What are the side effects of Fluoxetine (Prozac)?
* Weight gain * Nausea * Suicidal thoughts * Insomnia ## Footnote Mixing with St. John’s Wort can lead to serotonin syndrome.
283
What is the MOA of Alprazolam (Xanax)?
Increases permeability of chloride ions and enhances GABA ## Footnote It is used for anxiety disorders and sedation.
284
What are the side effects of Alprazolam (Xanax)?
* CNS depression * Amnesia * Abuse potential ## Footnote Overdose can be treated with Flumazenil (Romazicon).
285
What is the MOA of Zolpidem (Ambien)?
Increases chloride ions and enhances GABA ## Footnote It is indicated for insomnia.
286
What are the side effects of Zolpidem (Ambien)?
* CNS depression * Hallucinations ## Footnote Administer 30 minutes prior to sleep.

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