Exam 3 Flashcards by Sophia Van Antwerp

What is matter?

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Yes, air is matter.

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What are atoms?

Basic building blocks of matter; smallest part of an element.

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What are subatomic particles?

Protons, neutrons, electrons.

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Difference between nucleus and orbital?

Nucleus: protons & neutrons; Orbitals: electrons.

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Define atomic number.

Number of protons in an atom.

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Define atomic weight.

Sum of protons and neutrons.

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Atomic number of carbon is 6. What does that mean?

It has 6 protons.

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How many neutrons does carbon have if its atomic weight is 12?

6 neutrons (12–6).

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Difference between ions and isotopes?

Ions = charged (lose/gain electrons); Isotopes = same element, different neutrons.

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What is a molecule?

2+ atoms chemically bonded.

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Can atoms in a molecule be the same? Give examples.

Yes. Examples: O₂, H₂, N₂.

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What are the two types of chemical bonds?

Covalent and ionic.

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Difference between nonpolar and polar bonds?

Nonpolar = equal sharing; polar = unequal sharing.

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Water makes up __% of body weight?

60–70%.

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What type of bond is found in water?

Polar covalent.

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What is hydrogen bonding?

Weak attraction between H and electronegative atom of another molecule.

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What are the properties of water?

Liquid at room temperature
Universal solvent
Cohesive
Temperature changes slowly
High heat of vaporization
Ice is less dense than water

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How are acids and bases different?

Acids = H⁺; Bases = OH⁻.

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What is a buffer?

Substance that resists pH changes.

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What does pH measure?

H⁺ ion concentration.

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What ions do acids release?

H⁺.

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What ions do bases release?

OH⁻.

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Difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Organic = C + H; Inorganic = doesn’t have both.

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What are the four biomolecules of life?

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids.

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What elements are found in all organic molecules?

Carbon, hydrogen.

What reaction links monomers and what is removed?

Dehydration synthesis; removes water.

What reaction breaks macromolecules and what is added?

Hydrolysis; adds water.

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

* Energy * Structure.

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide.

Examples of carbohydrates?

* Glucose * Starch * Cellulose.

What are the functions of lipids?

* Energy storage * Membranes.

What is the monomer of lipids?

Glycerol + fatty acids.

Examples of lipids?

* Fats * Oils * Phospholipids.

What are the functions of proteins?

* Enzymes * Structure * Movement.

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids.

Examples of proteins?

* Enzymes * Hemoglobin.

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Store genetic information.

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

Examples of nucleic acids?

* DNA * RNA.

What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

* Mono = 1 sugar * Di = 2 sugars * Poly = many sugars.

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated = no double bonds, solid; Unsaturated = double bonds, liquid.

Why are phospholipids important?

Form cell membranes; essential for life.

What are the four protein structures?

* Primary * Secondary * Tertiary * Quaternary.

Difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA = double, A-T-C-G; RNA = single, A-U-C-G.

Why is ATP important?

Main energy molecule for cells.

What is conservation of energy?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

What is kinetic energy converted to?

Potential energy.

What is heat?

Energy from molecular movement.

What is entropy?

Measure of disorder; always increasing.

What is chemical energy?

Energy in chemical bonds.

What is the ultimate energy molecule?

ATP.

What process creates ATP and where does it occur?

Cellular respiration in mitochondria.

Why are mitochondria and chloroplasts unique?

Have their own DNA; make energy (ATP/glucose).

What is a catalyst?

Speeds up reactions.

What are enzymes made of?

Proteins.

How do enzymes work?

Bind substrates → lower activation energy.

What is enzyme inhibition?

Slows/stops enzyme; types: competitive, non-competitive.

What is the plasma membrane made of?

Phospholipid bilayer.

Why control entry and exit of substances?

Maintain homeostasis.

What if a substance is too big or polar?

Needs help (protein channel or active transport).

Difference between passive and active transport?

Passive = no ATP; Active = needs ATP.

Difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endo = in; Exo = out (bulk transport).

Difference between diffusion and osmosis?

Diffusion = movement of particles; Osmosis = water across membrane.

Who has chloroplasts?

Plants.

Who has mitochondria?

Plants & animals.

What process creates glucose?

Photosynthesis.

What process uses glucose?

Cellular respiration.

What is the ultimate goal of photosynthesis?

Make ATP.

Difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Auto = make own food; Hetero = consume others.

Difference between consumers and producers?

Consumers eat; Producers make food (plants).

Why is photosynthesis important?

Makes O₂ + food; supports all life.

Define photosynthesis (PHS):

Process where plants convert sunlight into glucose.

What are the short and long-term storage molecules of photosynthesis?

* Short = ATP * Long = glucose/starch.

What is the photosynthesis equation?

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

What provides electrons in photosynthesis?

Water (H₂O).

How does CO₂ enter a plant?

Through stomata.

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.

What is the goal of respiration?

Make ATP.

Difference between respiration and cellular respiration?

Respiration = general; Cellular = inside cells to make ATP.

Where do photosynthesis and respiration occur?

* Photosynthesis = chloroplasts * Respiration = mitochondria.

What are the parts of respiration?

* Glycolysis * Krebs cycle * Electron transport chain (ETC).

What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?

Passes e⁻ to create H⁺ gradient → ATP.

What drives ATP synthase to make ATP?

H⁺ gradient.

What is the ATP net gain from aerobic respiration?

~36–38 ATP per glucose.

What is fermentation and who does it?

Anaerobic energy production; yeast, bacteria, muscle cells.

What are the products of fermentation?

* Alcohol * Yogurt * Bread * Cheese.