Exam 3

Question 1

According to research by Jokela and colleagues, people high in _____ and _____ prefer to settle in culturally diverse and vibrant urban areas; and report greater well-being if they do, illustrating person-environment fit at a broader scale

Answer 1

Extraversion and Openness

Question 2

People who score high in _____, and place considerable value on close relationships, choose to live near family and are unlikely to relocate

Answer 2

Agreeableness

Question 3

People who live in more mountainous regions tend to be (more/less) introverted than people who live in less mountainous regions. This association is robust to controlling for population density, sunny days, and income

Answer 3

More

Question 4

Obschonka et al. (2018) examined the impact of coal-based industries on present-day psychological functioning among N = 381,916 residents who live in different regions of England and Wales.
What were the researchers interested in testing? In other words, they proposed that historical local dominance of large-scale coal-based industries might influence present day levels of personality in what ways?

Answer 4

They proposed coal-based communities would have higher levels in psychological adversity

Question 5

Obschonka et al. (2018) examined the impact of coal-based industries on present-day psychological functioning among N = 381,916 residents who live in different regions of England and Wales.
People who lived in regions that were historically dominated by large-scale coal industries tended to be LOWER in which two facets of the Big Five?

Answer 5

Order and activity

Question 6

Obschonka et al. (2018) examined the impact of coal-based industries on present-day psychological functioning among N = 381, 916 residents who live in different regions of England and Wales.
People who lived in regions that were historically dominated by large-scale coal industries tended to be HIGHER in which two facets of the Big Five?

Answer 6

Anxiety and Depression

Question 7

Oishi and Komiya (2017) examined natural disaster risks across 173 nations, quantifying each nation’s exposure to natural disasters (e.g., how frequently they experienced natural disasters like hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, etc. and their severity) and their vulnerability when a natural disaster happens (e.g., infrastructure, preparedness).
Nations with higher natural disaster risk scores tended to be (higher/lower) in collectivism compared to nations with lower natural disaster risk scores. Why is this the case?

Answer 7

Higher; when natural disasters occur, communities have to come together and help one another, incentivizing a more collectivistic community

Question 8

Which two of the Big Five traits are most useful for predicting political behavior–e.g., whether people will vote for a conservative vs liberal candidate?

Answer 8

Openness and Conscientiousness

Question 9

Compared to East Asians, European Americans place (greater/lesser) value on experiencing high arousal positive emotions, such as excitement, joy, and ecstasy

Answer 9

Greater

Question 10

Tightness refers to cultures with:

Answer 10

Strict social norms and high levels of punishment for nonconformity

Question 11

Gelfand et al. (2011) examined data from N = 6, 823 participants in 33 nations to investigate the (1) conditions that promote high degrees of tightness, and the consequences of higher levels of tightness at (2) national/regional and (3) individual levels. They found that:
High levels of tightness tend to develop in nations or regions that have faced (greater/less) historical and ecological threats. For example, nations that are relatively high in tightness tend to have (higher/lower) food deprivation, (more/less) natural disasters such as floods and droughts, and have had (more/less) territorial threats from their neighbors throughout their history, relative to looser nations

Answer 11

Greater; higher; more; more

Question 12

Gelfand et al. (2011) examined data from N = 6,823 participants in 33 nations to investigate (1) conditions that promote high degrees of tightness, and the consequences of higher levels of tightness at (2) national/regional and (3) individual levels. They found that:
Nations with high levels of tightness have (more/less) laws placing controls on media communication, (more/fewer) political rights and civil liberties, and (less severe/stricter) punishments for violating laws

Answer 12

More; fewer; stricter

Question 13

Gelfand et al. (2011) examined data from N = 6,823 participants in 33 nations to investigate the (1) conditions that promote high degrees of tightness, and the consequences of higher levels of tightness at (2) national/regional and (3) individual levels. They found that:
On average, people who live in nations that are relatively high in tightness tend to report (higher/lower) dutifulness and self-regulation, (higher/lower) needs for structure, and (higher/lower) self-monitoring, compared to people in looser nations

Answer 13

Higher; higher; higher

Question 14

_____ refers to the degree to which people can freely choose their social relations, or alternatively, relations are ascribed

Answer 14

Relational Mobility

Question 15

Describe the features of a nation or society characterized by low levels of the term that refers to the degree to which people can freely choose their social relations, or alternatively, relations are ascribed:

Answer 15

People develop lifelong relationships but have few options to develop new ones and show greater social cautiousness in order to avoid conflict

Question 16

On average, Latin American nations tend to be:
Relatively (high/low) in collectivism
Relatively (high/low) in tightness
Relatively (high/low) in relational mobility

Answer 16

High; low; high

Question 17

Salvador et al. (2023) recruited ~600 participants from Chile, Mexico, and the US. They presented participants with four scenarios that varied in valence (positive and negative) and situation type (personal and social). When something bad happened to another person, people who lived in Latin American nations expressed significantly greater (positive socially engaging/negative socially engaging/positive socially disengaging/negative socially disengaging) emotions like _____, relative to people who lived in the US

Answer 17

Positive socially engaging; friendliness and connectedness

Question 18

Provide an example survey item that’s used to assess the following:
Horizontal Individualism

Answer 18

I’d rather depend on myself than others

Question 19

Provide an example survey item that’s used to assess the following:
Vertical Individualism

Answer 19

It’s important that I do my job better than others

Question 20

Provide an example survey item that’s used to assess the following:
Vertical Collectivism

Answer 20

Parents and children must stay together as much as possible

Question 21

Provide an example survey item that’s used to assess the following:
Horizontal Collectivism

Answer 21

If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud

Question 22

Which 2 of the 4 dimensions (Horizontal Individualism, Vertical Individualism, Vertical Collectivism, and Horizontal Collectivism) are positively associated with prejudice towards outgroups? In other words, people who score higher on these dimensions tend to show greater prejudice towards members of outgroups (i.e., people who don’t share their identities)?

Answer 22

Vertical Individualism and Vertical Collectivism

Question 23

In dignity cultures, a person’s worth is perceived as inherent and can’t be taken away by others (True/False)

Answer 23

True

Question 24

In honor cultures, anti-social behavior is regulated _____, and people’s behavior is guided by BOTH _____ (i.e., expectation to repay personal favors) and _____ (i.e., norm of retaliating directly against insults)

Answer 24

Personally; positive reciprocity and negative reciprocity

Question 25

Leung and Cohen (2011) found that, compared to people who grew up in a non-honor culture, people who grew up in an honor culture and endorsed retaliatory violence (assessed via their ratings of the videos) devoted (much greater/far less) effort in attempting to return a disc/valued object to a fake participant who had shared candy with them

Answer 25

Much greater

Question 26

Kim et al. (2010) recruited ~100 participants from the University of Illinois and The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Participants were given a bogus "creative thinking test" (i.e., ink blot) and told that their responses would be scored according to a "traditional method" and a "new scoring method." All participants were given two feedback sheets, one that indicated high creativity (92nd percentile) and another that indicated average creativity (53rd). The experimenter pretended to make an "error" in distributing the feedback sheets, giving one of the participant's sheets to a confederate (fake participant) on accident. The key manipulation was whether this other person (the confederate) saw the participant's high score or low score on the creativity test. Chinese students at The Chinese University of Hong Kong rated themselves as being (significantly higher/significantly lower/about the same) in creativity if the confederate saw their high-score sheet, compared to the condition in which the confederate saw their low-score sheet

Answer 26

Significantly higher

Question 27

Kim et al. (2010) recruited ~100 participants from the University of Illinois and The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Participants were given a bogus "creative thinking test" (i.e., ink blot) and told that their responses would be scored according to a "traditional method" and a "new scoring method." All participants were given two feedback sheets, one that indicated high creativity (92nd percentile) and another that indicated average creativity (53rd). The experimenter pretended to make an "error" in distributing the feedback sheets, giving one of the participant's shots to a confederate (fake participant) on accident. The key manipulation was whether this other person (the confederate) saw the participant's high score or low score on the creativity test. Students at the University of Illinois rated themselves as being (significantly higher/significantly lower/about the same) in creativity if the confederate saw their high-score sheet, compared to the condition in which the confederate saw their low-score sheet.

Answer 27

About the same

Question 28

Kim et al. (2010) recruited ~100 participants from the University of Illinois and The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Participants were given a bogus "creative thinking test" (i.e., ink blot) and told that their responses would be scored according to a "traditional method" and a "new scoring method." All participants were given two feedback sheets, one that indicated high creativity (92nd percentile) and another that indicated average creativity (53rd). The experimenter pretended to make an "error" in distributing the feedback sheets, giving on of the participant's sheets to a confederate (fake participant) on accident. The key manipulation was whether this other person (the confederate) saw the participant's high score or low score on the creativity test. These findings illustrate the important given to group members' perceptions of one's worth, skills, and reputation in (dignity/face/honor) cultures

Answer 28

Honor

Question 29

The _____ described how people tend to see greater variation, or individual differences, among members of their own group, and perceive members of outgroups to be more similar to one another, or "all the same." Give an example of this term:

Answer 29

Outgroup Homogeneity Bias; Ex. a man believing all women are the same, whereas he sees diversity within his own gender

Question 30

What are the three components of Subjective Well-Being (SWB)?

Answer 30

--Life satisfaction --Positive affect --Negative affect

Question 31

Which of the three components of Subjective Well-Being (SWB) shows the greatest test-retest stability, and is considered to be a "trait"?

Answer 31

Life satisfaction

Question 32

On average, people tend to "adapt" or bounce back to their equilibrium of happiness more quickly after experiencing (positive/negative) events

Answer 32

Positive

Question 33

According to the Hedonic Adaptation Prevention (HAP) Model, there are two pathways through which adaptation occurs, or we return to our equilibrium of well-being following a positive change in our lives (e.g., starting a new job, entering into a romantic relationship, etc). What are those two pathways?

Answer 33

--Declines in positive events and/or emotions --Satisfaction treadmill

Question 34

Provide a real-life examples for each of the two pathways in the Hedonic Adaptation Prevention (HAP) Model:

Answer 34

--Declines in positive events and/or emotions: Leaving your spouse unexpectedly makes downsizing to a smaller house less unexpected --Satisfaction treadmill: getting a new car, the initial excitement fades after a while, leaving you at baseline happiness

Question 35

Research that's examined the sources of well-being across cultures has found that self-esteem is a stronger predictor of life satisfaction in (individualistic/collectivistic) cultures

Answer 35

Individualistic

Question 36

Soto and Luhmann (2013) tested whether the association between fluctuations in people's incomes (increases or decreases) and changes in life satisfaction might be moderated, or depend on, people's levels of the Big Five traits. Which of the Big Five traits was particularly important for understanding how people differed in their responses to increases/decreases in their income? How did this trait moderate the tends they observed?

Answer 36

Neuroticism; The effect of income fluctuation was stronger among people high in Neuroticism compared to people low in Neuroticism

Question 37

What are the three components of meaning in life, as studied by psychologists?

Answer 37

--Comprehension/Coherence --Purpose --Existential Mattering/Significance

Question 38

Approximately what percentage of people report that their lives are meaningful?

Answer 38

91-95%

Question 39

In a set of two studies, Heintzelman and colleagues (2013) presented participants with a series of 16 photos of trees. The trees were either presented in a seasonal order (spring, summer, fall, winter, repeat), or in an arbitrary order of four cycles, none of which conformed to seasonal patterns. People who viewed the trees in seasonal order reported significantly (higher/lower) meaning in life than people who viewed the images in random order.

Answer 39

Higher

Question 40

In a set of two studies, Heintzelman and colleagues (2013) presented participants with a series of 16 photos of trees. The trees were either presented in a seasonal order (spring, summer, fall, winter, repeat), or in an arbitrary order of four cycles, none of which conformed to seasonal patterns. These findings illustrate which of the three components of meaning in life?

Answer 40

Comprehension/Coherence

Question 41

Cyberball is a classic paradigm used to set up a situation of faked social exclusion in the lab. People are led to believe that they're playing a ball-tossing online game with two other participants. A short while into the game, the other two fake participants stop passing the participant the ball, and the participant sits there being excluded until the game ends. One of the most, if not the most, consistent effects of being socially excluded is a drop in (which of the three components of meaning in life?):

Answer 41

Existential Mattering/Significance

Question 42

Cyberball is a classic paradigm used to set up a situation of faked social exclusion in the lab. People are led to believe that they're playing a ball-tossing online game with two other participants. A short while into the game, the other two fake participants stop passing the participant the ball, and the participant sits there being excluded until the game ends. Researchers who've examined different versions of the Cyberball paradigm have found that: If people are told that their exclusion was being executed randomly by a computer (Zadro et al., 2004), they (still show a significant drop in feelings that their existence matters/they no longer show a significant drop in feelings that their existence matters)

Answer 42

Still show a significant drop in feelings that their existence matters

Question 43

Cyberball is a classic paradigm to set up a situation of faked social exclusion in the lab. People are led to believe that they're playing a ball-tossing online game with two other participants. A short while into the game, the other two fake participants stop passing the participant the ball, and the participant sits there being excluded until the game ends. Researchers who've examined different versions of the Cyberball paradigm have found that: If people are able to keep more money if they're passed the ball fewer times (van Beest and Williams, 2006), they (still show a significant drop in feelings that their existence matters/they no longer show a significant drop in feelings that their existence matters)

Answer 43

Still show a significant drop in feelings that their existence matters

Question 44

King et al. (2006) recruited participants for a week-long daily diary study. Participants provided ratings of their daily positive affect, daily negative affect, and daily meaning in life. At the end of the study, the researchers asked participants to reflect back on the past week and rate their global meaning in life. They found that the strongest predictor of global meaning in life was _____, not ______

Answer 44

Daily positive mood, not daily meaning in life

Question 45

Conscientiousness is consistently linked to (increased/reduced) risk for physical illness

Answer 45

Reduced

Question 46

+1 SD conscientiousness is associated with a _____% reduced mortality risk, or risk of dying (i.e., Turiano et al., 2015)

Answer 46

13%

Question 47

Research has shown that individuals high in Conscientiousness: --Exercise more frequently --Engage in fewer risky behaviors (e.g., not wearing seatbelt) --Report (higher/lower) frequency of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and drug use --Engage in fewer unhealthy eating behaviors --Get (higher/lower) quality of sleep

Answer 47

Lower; higher

Question 48

Neuroticism is consistently linked to (increased/reduced) risk for physical illness

Answer 48

Increased

Question 49

+1 SD Neuroticism is associated with a _____% greater mortality risk, or risk of dying (i.e., based on N = 491,323 UK participants)

Answer 49

10%

Question 50

Higher Neuroticism is associated with increased _____, _____, and _____, often as a maladaptive coping mechanism

Answer 50

Alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and drug use

Question 51

People who are higher in Neuroticism expose themselves to more stressful situations, on average, even if unintentionally, which leads to heightened _____ and dysregulation of the _____ across their lifespan

Answer 51

Cardiovascular reactivity; hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis

Question 52

Depression and anxiety disorders show a (high/moderate/low) degree of comorbidity

Answer 52

High

Question 53

Hettema et al. (2006) and others have examined data from twins and found that: The genetic correlation between depression and anxiety disorders is _____. What does this mean?

Answer 53

r = .98; anxiety and depression have the same set of risk factors, they're indistinguishable

Question 54

Hettema et al. (2006) and others have examined data from twins and found that: Neuroticism shares a genetic correlation of _____ with depression and _____ with anxiety disorders. What does this mean?

Answer 54

r = .64; r = .8; Neuroticism is highly correlated with depression and anxiety

Question 55

In the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), symptoms of major depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, eating disorders, and PTSD cluster together under the broader _____ spectrum, which is highly correlated within the trait _____

Answer 55

Internalizing; Neuroticism

Question 56

In HiTOP, substance use disorders, antisocial behavior, and conduct problems cluster together under the broader _____ spectrum

Answer 56

Externalizing

Question 57

Antisocial personality disorder is, for the most part, a combination of traits from _____ (e.g., deceitfulness, manipulative, callousness) and _____ (e.g., impulsivity, irresponsibility, theft, impatient urgency), which correspond to low levels of _____ and _____, respectively

Answer 57

Antagonistic externalizing; disinhibited externalizing; agreeableness; conscientiousness

Question 58

_____ personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships, a tendency to withdraw from social interactions, and a limited range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings. This personality disorder is associated with _____

Answer 58

Schizoid; low levels of extraversion

Question 59

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has been shown to be particularly effective in treating which personality disorder?

Answer 59

Borderline Personality Disorder

Question 60

Describe some of the core components and strategies used in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)?

Answer 60

--Individual therapy --Group skills training --Telephone coaching --Therapist consultation team

Question 61

In general, individuals with personality disorders are (more/less) likely to seek treatment or therapy, compared to people who have other psychological disorders. Why is this the case?

Answer 61

Less; Personality disorders don't normally inhibit the individual's life, but they do inhibit others' lives

Question 62

According to the Hedonic Adaptation Prevention (HAP) Model, what are the two ways in which we can prevent or slow adaptation, or the return to our equilibrium or baseline of well-being, following positive life changes? Give an example of how you might implement each of these strategies

Answer 62

--Variety: Performing various acts of kindness instead of the same act of kindness repeatedly --Appreciation: Write letters expressing gratitude

Question 63

Provide a brief description of Markus and Kitayama's (2013) framework describing Mutual Constitution of Culture and Selves. In your description, comment on the differences between interdependent and independent self-construals

Answer 63

The mutual constitution of cultures and selves argue that both culture and the individual self aren't static entities but are instead continuously shaping and being shaped by one another. Within the individual, there are independent and interdependent self-construals, which are associated with individualistic and collectivistic cultures, respectively. The independent self-construal sees themselves as separate and distinct from others while the interdependent self-construal sees themselves as interconnected with others and defined their identity based on their roles and responsibilities within social contexts.