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exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What occurs when a behavior is followed by a consequence that results in a decrease in the future probability of the behavior?

A

Punishment

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2
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

The presentation of an aversive stimulus or event following a behavior

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3
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

The removal of a reinforcing stimulus or event following a behavior

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4
Q

What is contingent observation?

A

A type of non-exclusionary time-out where the person observes others while removed from a reinforcing activity

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5
Q

What should punishments like time out be used in conjunction with?

A

Other behavioral principles, such as differential reinforcement procedures

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6
Q

What is Non Exclusionary time-out?

A

A type of time-out procedure where the person is removed from all sources of reinforcement but remains in the room where the problem behavior occurred

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7
Q

What is Exclusionary Time-out?

A

A procedure in which the person is briefly removed from the reinforcing environment, typically to another room, contingent on the occurrence of a problem behavior

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8
Q

Define ‘time-in’ in the context of time-out.

A

The environment from which the child is removed during time-out

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9
Q

When is time-out NOT appropriate to use?

A

With problem behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement or sensory stimulation

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10
Q

Why does time-out negatively reinforce escape-maintained behaviors?

A

Because it removes the person from ongoing activities or interactions in the room

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11
Q

What is response cost?

A

The removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer contingent on the occurrence of a problem behavior

It is a negative punishment procedure which results in a decrease in future probability of problem behavior.

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12
Q

What is the consequence in a positive punishment procedure?

A

The client is required to engage in an aversive activity contingent on the undesirable behavior

This aims to decrease the future probability of the undesirable behavior.

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13
Q

What is overcorrection?

A

A positive punishment procedure in which the client engages in an aversive activity contingent on undesirable behavior

This is designed to decrease the future probability of the undesirable behavior.

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14
Q

What is overcorrection?

A

A positive punishment procedure requiring effortful activity contingent on problem behavior

Overcorrection involves making amends for a behavior by engaging in corrective actions.

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15
Q

Define positive practice in the context of overcorrection.

A

A procedure requiring the client to engage in correct forms of relevant behavior until repeated a specified number of times

This method focuses on practicing the desired behavior to reinforce learning.

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16
Q

What is restitution in overcorrection?

A

A procedure requiring the client to correct the environmental effects of problem behavior and improve the condition beyond its previous state

Restitution emphasizes restoring and enhancing the environment after a negative behavior.

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17
Q

What is contingent exercise?

A

A positive punishment procedure involving the application of aversive activities related to physical exercise.

Contingent exercise requires individuals to engage in exercise contingent on problem behavior.

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18
Q

How does contingent exercise differ from overcorrection?

A

In contingent exercise, the aversive activity involves physical exercise unrelated to the problem behavior, while in overcorrection, the aversive activity is a correct form of behavior that addresses a disruption.

This distinction highlights the nature of the aversive activities used in each procedure.

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19
Q

What is guided compliance?

A

A positive punishment procedure used when a person displays noncompliant behavior, involving physical prompting to engage in the requested behavior.

Guided compliance helps ensure that the person complies with requests.

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20
Q

What happens to the physical prompt in guided compliance?

A

The physical prompt is removed as the person complies with the request on their own.

This gradual removal encourages independent compliance.

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21
Q

What is physical restraint?

A

A type of positive punishment procedure where the change agent holds immobile the part of the client’s body involved in the problem behavior.

This prevents the client from continuing the problematic behavior.

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22
Q

Define response blocking.

A

A procedure where the change agent physically blocks a problem behavior so the client cannot complete the response.

Often used in conjunction with brief restraint.

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23
Q

What is the application of aversive stimulation?

A

The consequence in a positive punishment procedure where an aversive stimulus is delivered contingent on the occurrence of the desirable behavior to decrease the future probability of the undesirable behavior.

This serves to lessen unwanted behaviors.

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24
Q

What are punishment procedures often referred to as?

A

Restrictive procedures

Punishment procedures are methods that limit a person’s freedom to modify behavior.

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25
What is Habit Reversal?
A procedure for treating habit disorders that includes awareness training, competing response training, social support, generalization strategies, and motivational strategies. ## Footnote Research indicates that awareness training and competing response training are the most crucial components for treatment effectiveness.
26
Define Habit Disorder.
A repetitive behavior that is distressing to the person. ## Footnote Examples include nervous habits, motor and vocal tics, and stuttering.
27
What are Nervous Habits?
Repetitive, manipulative behaviors that most likely occur when a person experiences heightened tension and do not typically serve any social function for the individual.
28
What are the component procedures of Habit Reversal?
* Awareness training * Competing response training * Social support * Generalization strategies * Motivational strategies
29
What is likely maintained by automatic negative reinforcement?
Tics
30
What is Awareness Training?
A component of habit reversal procedure in which the person is taught to identify each instance of a particular habit behavior as it occurs
31
Define Competing Response.
An alternative behavior that occurs in place of another target behavior
32
What is the definition of Competing Response Training?
A component of the habit reversal procedure where the client is taught to engage in a competing response contingent on the occurrence of the habit behavior or the urge to engage in it. ## Footnote This technique aims to reduce unwanted habits by replacing them with more acceptable behaviors.
33
What is the purpose of the Motivation Strategy in habit reversal?
To increase the likelihood that the client will use the competing response outside the treatment sessions to control the habit. ## Footnote This strategy encourages clients to apply learned techniques in real-life situations.
34
What is Regulated Breathing used for in habit reversal treatment?
It is the competing response used in the treatment for stuttering. ## Footnote Regulated breathing helps to manage anxiety and improve speech fluency.
35
What is a token economy?
A reinforcement system in which conditioned reinforcers called tokens are delivered to people for desirable behaviors, which are later exchanged for backup reinforcers. ## Footnote Token economies are often used in structured treatment environments or educational settings.
36
What is the primary purpose of a token economy?
To strengthen clients' desirable behaviors that occur too infrequently and to decrease their undesirable behaviors. ## Footnote This is typically implemented in a structured treatment environment or educational setting.
37
What must be chosen specifically for the people in the treatment program?
Backup reinforcers ## Footnote Backup reinforcers are secondary rewards used to maintain motivation in a treatment setting.
38
What must change agents determine regarding target behaviors in response cost?
The number of tokens that will be lost for an instance of each identified problem behavior ## Footnote This quantification helps in setting clear consequences for undesirable behaviors.
39
What is a Behavioral Contract?
Written agreement between two parties in which one or both parties agree to engage in a specified level of a target behavior(s) ## Footnote Also referred to as a Contingency Contract.
40
What does a behavioral contract state?
The consequence that will be administered contingent on the occurrence (or nonoccurrence) of the behavior
41
What is positive reinforcement?
If a desirable behavior is performed, a reinforcer will be provided to strengthen the behavior ## Footnote Reinforcers can be tangible rewards or social approvals that encourage the behavior.
42
What is negative reinforcement?
If a desirable behavior is performed, an aversive stimulus will be removed or prevented to strengthen the behavior ## Footnote This process increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated by eliminating discomfort.
43
What is positive punishment?
If an undesirable behavior is performed, an aversive stimulus will be provided to decrease the behavior ## Footnote This method seeks to reduce the frequency of the undesirable behavior.
44
What is negative punishment?
If an undesirable behavior is performed, a reinforcer will be lost to decrease the behavior ## Footnote This technique involves removing a positive stimulus to discourage the behavior.
45
What is a One-party Contract?
A behavioral contract in which one person seeks to change a target behavior ## Footnote The individual arranges the contract with a contract manager.
46
What is a Two-party Contract?
A behavioral contract involving two parties who agree to change target behaviors mutually ## Footnote Both parties must agree on the contingencies and reinforcers involved.
47
Who can be a contract manager?
Psychologist, counselor, behavior analyst, helping professional, friend/family member
48
What is a key requirement for a contract manager?
Must not stand to gain any material reward from the contract contingencies
49
What type of contract is a Two-party Contract?
A behavioral contract where two people identify behaviors to change and consequences for the change
50
Who typically writes a Two-party Contract?
Written between people who have some relationship with one another
51
What is a Quid Pro Quo Contract?
A two-party contract where each person specifies a behavior to change in return for the other's behavior change
52
What characterizes a Parallel Contract?
A two-party contract where two people each seek to change their behavior independently
53
What is Rule-governed Behavior?
Behavior established by a contract that is stated later as a prompt or self-instruction to engage in the target behavior. ## Footnote This behavior relies on an established rule that guides actions in specific circumstances.
54
What does the contract in Rule-governed Behavior establish?
A rule that serves as self-instruction to cue or prompt the target behavior. ## Footnote The contract is essentially an agreement that outlines expected behaviors and their triggers.
55
How does autonomic arousal function as an establishing operation?
Autonomic arousal increases the probability of operant behavior involving escape or avoidance responses. ## Footnote This means that heightened physiological responses can lead to increased likelihood of avoidance actions.
56
What is the operant behavior's role in relation to the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
To escape from or avoid the CS ## Footnote The operant behavior is a response that aims to avoid the negative effects of the CS.
57
What do we call the bodily responses associated with anxiety?
Respondent behavior ## Footnote These responses are automatic reactions to stimuli that can induce anxiety.
58
What is the purpose of Relaxation Training?
To decrease autonomic arousal (anxiety) by producing an incompatible state of relaxation ## Footnote This training equips individuals with skills to manage anxiety through relaxation.
59
What are attention-focusing exercises?
An anxiety-reduction strategy focusing on a pleasant or neutral stimulus ## Footnote Examples include meditation, guided imagery, hypnosis, etc.
60
What is Behavior Relaxation Training?
A type of relaxation training where one assumes a relaxed posture in all major muscle groups
61
What is Systematic Desensitization?
A procedure used to treat a fear or phobia by gradually exposing the individual to fear-producing situations while using relaxation techniques ## Footnote Systematic Desensitization involves a hierarchy of fear-producing situations.
62
What is Reciprocal inhibition?
A concept used in systematic desensitization where an incompatible response is used to inhibit the fear response ## Footnote This technique is fundamental in reducing anxiety.
63
What is the purpose of a fear hierarchy?
To list various fearful situations in order from least to most fear provoking ## Footnote Each situation is only slightly more fear-provoking than the previous one.
64
What is in vivo desensitization?
A procedure for treating a fear or phobia by making actual contact with fear-producing situations ## Footnote This approach follows the development of a fear hierarchy.
65
In systematic desensitization, what does the client do after learning relaxation?
Develops a fear hierarchy ## Footnote This hierarchy ranks fear-producing situations.
66
What is the last step in the in vivo desensitization process?
The client makes actual contact with the fear-producing situation ## Footnote This occurs at each step in the hierarchy in turn.
67
What is the goal of advancing through the hierarchy in desensitization?
To maintain relaxation as a response that is incompatible with the fear response.
68
What is Contact Desensitization?
A form of in vivo desensitization where the therapist provides reassuring physical contact.
69
What are examples of Cognitive Behavior?
* Thinking * Talking to yourself * Imagining specific behaviors or situations * Recalling events of the past
70
What influences Cognitive Behavior?
The same environmental variables that influence overt behavior.
71
What is Cognitive Behavior Modification?
Procedures used to help people change their cognitive behaviors.
72
What is the purpose of cognitive behavior modification?
To help people eliminate undesirable cognitive behaviors and teach more desirable cognitive behaviors ## Footnote This includes various procedures aimed at changing cognitive behavior.
73
What are cognitive behaviors an example of?
Covert behaviors ## Footnote Covert behaviors cannot be observed directly and recorded by an independent observer.
74
Define cognitive behavior.
Verbal or imaginal responses made by the person that are covert ## Footnote These responses are not observable to others.
75
What is cognitive restructuring?
A cognitive behavior modification procedure in which the client learns to identify distressing thoughts and eliminate or replace them with more desirable thoughts. ## Footnote Cognitive restructuring aims to change negative thought patterns to improve emotional responses.
76
What is Cognitive Coping Skills Training?
A cognitive behavior modification procedure in which the person learns specific self-statements for use in a problem situation to improve their performance or influence their behavior. ## Footnote An example is self-instructional training.
77
What does Ecological Momentary Assessment involve?
A form of self-monitoring in which a smartphone or other device cues the person to record behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and situations a number of times throughout the day.
78
What is the main goal of Cognitive Therapy?
To teach the client to identify and change their distorted thoughts or self-talk.
79
Define Cognitive Distortions.
A type of thinking in which individuals negatively evaluate or interpret events in their life or make logical errors in their thinking that lead to negative mood or depressed behavior.
80
What is Behavioral Activation?
A treatment for depression focusing on getting the client to engage in a larger number and variety of reinforcing activities ## Footnote Behavioral Activation aims to increase engagement in positive activities to combat depression.
81
What is Self Instructional Training?
A type of cognitive behavior modification procedure in which the client learns to make specific self-statements that increase the likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a specific situation. ## Footnote This technique helps clients develop self-guidance for behavior change.
82
What does Acceptance and Commitment Therapy focus on?
A form of therapy in which the client learns that they have not been able to control troublesome thoughts and feelings. ## Footnote ACT encourages acceptance of thoughts and feelings rather than avoidance.

beh mod (3 decks)

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