exam 3

Question 1

what removes dried oil from the lens the best?

Answer 1

xylene

Question 2

numerical aperture

Answer 2

solid cone of light delivered to the specimen by the condenser and gathered by the objective

Question 3

resolution

Answer 3

ability of scope to reveal fine detail

Question 4

working distance

Answer 4

the distance from the center of the objective to the top of the specimen “focal length”

Question 5

aberration

Answer 5

imperfect refraction or focalization of a lens (inability to bring light rays to a single focus)

Question 6

mirror

Answer 6

reflects the beam of light upward

Question 7

condenser

Answer 7

directs and focuses the light from the light source up to the specimen

Question 8

aperture iris diaphragm

Answer 8

controls the amount of light

Question 9

how do you calculate total magnification of a specimen on a microscope

Answer 9

ocular * objective

Question 10

what are the three most common objectives used in a clinical lab and what are they otherwise known as

Answer 10

10x- low power
40x- high dry
100x- oil immersion

Question 11

what magnification are most oculars?

Answer 11

10x

Question 12

bright field

Answer 12

daylight/ light bulb with compound lens system

Question 13

darkfield

Answer 13

special condenser makes background dark while specimen is light (light waves cross specimen instead of through it)

Question 14

fluorescent

Answer 14

equipped with UV light source and special filter to allow shorter wave lengths

Question 15

phase contrast

Answer 15

uses special diaphragm into or below condenser to view obtained structures

Question 16

polarized

Answer 16

uses special filter that takes ordinary lightwaves and allows only light waves of only one orientation ( N & S ) to reach specimen illuminating objects that can rotate light

Question 17

electron

Answer 17

substitution of an electron beam for light rays to achieve greater resolution

Question 18

field of view

Answer 18

visible area through in focus lens

Question 19

MSDS

Answer 19

material safety data sheet- provides information on all chemicals used in the laboratory and the potential hazards

Question 20

diamond hazard symbols

Answer 20

yellow diamond- reactivity
red diamond- fire hazard
blue diamond health hazard

Question 21

standard precautions

Answer 21

treat all specimens as infectious

Question 22

class A bioterrorism agents

Answer 22

anthrax 
botulism
plague 
smallpox
tularemia
aloviruses (Ebola & Marburg)
arenavirusess (lasso, machupo)

Question 23

Class B Bioterrorism Agents

Answer 23

brucellosis
shigella
ricin toxin
Venezuelan equine
encephalitis

Question 24

Class C Bioterrorism Agents

Answer 24

emerging pathogens (niphha virus, hanta virus)

Question 25

what is the single most effective way to reduce possibility of contaminating yourself

Answer 25

hand washing

Question 26

how long is HBV stable in blood products at 25C

Answer 26

7 days

Question 27

where should contaminated materials be disposed

Answer 27

biohazard waste disposal

Question 28

explain what an employee should do if they were to get caustic chemicals on their skin or eyes?

Answer 28

skin should be washed for 5 minutes immediately after exposure. If splashed in the eyes wash eyes at eye station with water for 15 minutes and seek medical attention

Question 29

name 5 safety features all clinical labs should have

Answer 29

``` fire blankets eye wash first aid kit ppe shower station ```

Question 30

T.C.

Answer 30

to contain | contents of pipette should be rinsed out with solution is being added too

Question 31

T.D.

Answer 31

to deliver | designed to deliver a set volume contents of poppets should be blown out

Question 32

glassware that resists normal cleaning should be cleaned with what?

Answer 32

potassium or sodium dichromate and concentrated sulfuric acid

Question 33

name two brand names of heat resistant glassware

Answer 33

pyrex and kimax

Question 34

volumetric or transfer pipette

Answer 34

calibrated for fixed volume greatest accuracy and precision long narrow tube with elongated round bulb near middle standard/unknown solution

Question 35

serological pipette

Answer 35

calibrated to tip blow out pipette "mark to mark" not used for exact measurements

Question 36

Ostwald-folin pipette

Answer 36

specialized version of volumetric used for whole blood more thick liquids bulb near tip

Question 37

graduated or measuring pipette

Answer 37

long straight tube with graduating "mark to tip" no accuracy required

Question 38

what does an etched ring near the mouth of the pipette mean?

Answer 38

means blow out pipette on a serological pipette

Question 39

erlynmere flasks

Answer 39

flat bottom sides that slope up neck | holding, mixing, and heating noncritical volumes

Question 40

beakers

Answer 40

various sizes used for estimating liquids heat and chemical resistant

Question 41

graduated cylinders

Answer 41

cylindrical glassware w/ calibration marks various sizes measure specific volumes

Question 42

volumetric or Florence flasks

Answer 42

rounded bottom with long neck calibrated for specific amount of liquid volume for noncritical amounts

Question 43

what is low actinic glassware used for

Answer 43

light sensitive compounds

Question 44

polyethelyne

Answer 44

most common material used for plastic ware in the lab

Question 45

primary standard

Answer 45

a reference material that is of fixed and known composition and capable of being prepared in essentially pure form. (99.5% can be retrieved)

Question 46

secondary standard

Answer 46

a reference material in which the analyte concentration has been ascertained by reference to a primary standard by an acceptable reference method (most common)

Question 47

A.R.

Answer 47

analytical reagent | has higher degree of purity, used routinely in lab

Question 48

C.P.

Answer 48

chemically pure limit of impurities that are tolerated suitable for general application

Question 49

N.F.

Answer 49

national formulary

Question 50

U.S.P.

Answer 50

united states pharmacopeia | less pure than chemically pure but reagents meet specifications (used in medicines)

Question 51

distilled water

Answer 51

water is boiled, steam forms/ is cooled, vapors collect and condense any minerals remaining contains dissolved gases and organic solvents

Question 52

deionized water

Answer 52

*most often used* water is passed through a column of charged resin particles particles combine with ions present to remove them (dissolved gases and organic compounds)

Question 53

double distilled water

Answer 53

distilled water that has been redistilled to higher degree of proper/ammonia free

Question 54

reagent grade water

Answer 54

prepared by reverse osmosis most idea used in place of deionized or distilled water to improve control no preservatives

Question 55

what is the proper storage of chemicals and reagents?

Answer 55

proper temperate storing powders in a cool, dry place flammable items stored in flame cabinets away from heat source properly labeled

Question 56

five things a reagent label most contain

Answer 56

``` name and concentration of reagent initials of prepper expiration date use receive date/when purchased/prepared from manufacturer/ date reconstituted/opened ```

Question 57

what is the expiration date of a reagent if it is not specified

Answer 57

1 month from opening if not specified

Question 58

what steps must you take once you have transferred a chemical from the weigh boat into a receiving vessel to ensure an accurately prepared solution?

Answer 58

volumetric flask must be of the correct size and correct balance used funnel and weigh boat used must be rinsed 2-3 times with solvent rinse weigh boat and funnel with solvents

Question 59

fixed angle rotor centrifuge

Answer 59

centrifuge cups are positioned rigidly at a fixed angle around the shaft copes enclosed by a metal case. 7000 rpm

Question 60

horizontal rotor centrifuge

Answer 60

cups in a vertical position when not in use and horizontal position cups 3000 rpm particles being spun must travel the entire length of liquid column to reach the tube bottom

Question 61

ultracentrifuge

Answer 61

100,000 rpm can be either of fixed or horizontal may require several hours/days to finish receptor assays, protein fractionation, drug binding assays, and in clarification of lipemic sera

Question 62

microhematocrit centrifuge

Answer 62

used most often in hematology to centrifuge small amounts of blood to determine hematocrit

Question 63

refrigerated blood bank centrifuge

Answer 63

table or floor model that is refrigerated and can spin large amounts of blood

Question 64

serofuge

Answer 64

small centrifuge at a constant speed (low/high) used for spinning serum cell mixture before reading result

Question 65

cell washers

Answer 65

used in blood bank to wash RBC'S and centrifuge tubes as mentioned with serofuge

Question 66

cytospin centrifuge

Answer 66

makes slides in a monolayer usually used in hematology or where body fluid analyses take place

Question 67

list precautions that should be taken when operating a centrifuge

Answer 67

make sure tubes are balanced make sure tubes in use can withstand force exerted if breakage occurs make to extract all blood and glass centrifuge lid should be closed until fully stopped

Question 68

trip balance accuracy

Answer 68

nearest 0.1g

Question 69

analytical balance accuracy

Answer 69

0.1 mg or less

Question 70

proper placement of an analytical balance

Answer 70

vibration free area of the lab level work area away from heat

Question 71

glass enclosure (analytical balance)

Answer 71

prevents dust from collecting and prevents air currents from interfering

Question 72

balancing screws (analytical balance)

Answer 72

balance must be properly leveled and these screws are used to adjust the balance until level indicator is centered