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cellular neuroscience > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical signaling consists of what three things

A

Molecular signal, receptor molecule, targe molecule

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2
Q

What are the two types of receptors

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic

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3
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor

A

Ligand gated channel, where the receptor is the channel

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4
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor

A

G-protein coupled receptors, where the receptor modulates the channel

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5
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor comprised of

A

4-5 protein subunits, mediate rapid postsynaptic effects

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6
Q

What is a feature of metabotropic receptors

A

Monomeric proteins with 7 transmembrane domains

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7
Q

Which domains make up the neurotransmitter binding reigion

A

2, 3, 6, and 7

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8
Q

What do G proteins bind to

A

loop between domains 5 and 6, and the c-terminus

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9
Q

Acetylcholine is known as what type of receptor

A

the nicotinic AChR

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10
Q

Acetylcholine consists of how many subunits, and what do each subunits consist of

A

5 subunits, each consist of 4 transmembrane spanning alpha helices

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11
Q

Which Acetylcholine subunit lines the pore

A

M2 subunit

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12
Q

Which subunits bind to acetylcholine

A

alpha subunits

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13
Q

The binding of acetylcholine to the two alpha subunits causes

A

15’ rotation of all M2 helices

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14
Q

The cytoplasm side of the nAChR has what

A

Rings of negative charge

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15
Q

What do the rings of negative charge determine

A

cation specificity of the receptor and remove hydration shell of ions

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16
Q

nAChR is what type of cation channel

A

non-selective cat ion channel

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17
Q

A higher driving force for Na results in

A

an inward curent and an EPSP

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18
Q

What are the two acetylcholine precursors

A

Acetyl coenzyme A, and Choline

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19
Q

What is the acetylcholine enzyme and what does it do

A

choline acetyltransferase, catalyzes acetylcholine

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20
Q

What does a vesicular ACh transporter do

A

loads ACh into vesicles

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21
Q

After release what does acetylcholinesterase do

A

breaks up ACh into acetate and choline

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22
Q

What is the target of nerve gases/pesticides

A

ACh esterase

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23
Q

What does a Na/choline transporter do

A

takes choline back up into presynaptic terminal

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24
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis

A

chronic condition that causes muscle fatigue, characterized by a decreases in EPP

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25
What is Myasthenia Gravis treated with
reversible acetylcholine-esterase inhibitors
26
What is Myasthenia Gravis caused by
an autoimmune disorder caused by circulating antibodies that block AChRs at the post synaptic neuromuscular junction
27
What are two Irreversible Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors
Insecticides and nerve gases
28
What do Irreversibile AChE inhibitors do
completely inhibit ACh breakdown
29
The lethal effect of AChE results from
Overstimulation
30
The main effect of AChE is
Neuromuscular paralysis
31
What are the three antagonists of nicotinic AChRs
Snake poisins, curare (plant), and conotoxins (fish)
32
What is an example of a nicotinic agonist
Betel nuts which release arecoline
33
What is atropine
a muscarinic antagonist
34
Muscarinic receptors are
GPCRs
35
what is the most prevalent excitatory transmitter
glutamate
36
what is the precursor to glutamate
glutamine, released by glia cell
37
What is glutamates enzyme and what does it do
glutaminase, catalyzes glutamate from glutamine
38
What is VGLUT
vesicular glutamate transporter
39
What is EAAT, and where is it found
excitatory amino acid transporter, 5 different types found in presynaptic terminals and glia cells
40
What are three Ionotropic receptors
NMDA, AMPA, Kainate
41
What does NMDA-R do
serves as coincidence detector, requires glycine as co agonist
42
Ca influx through NMDA-Rs results in
AMPA-R phosphorylation, gene transcription, and protein synthesis
43
Describe mGluRs
metabotropic glutamate receptors, Slow responses; can be excitatory or inhibitory
44
Group I (mGluRs 1 and 5)
excitatory, Gq-coupled, increase NMDA, mostly postsynaptic
45
Group II (mGluRs 2 and 3)
inhibitory, Gi/Go- coupled, decrease NMDA, mostly presynaptic, and on glia cells
46
Group III (mGluRs 4, 6, 7, and 8)
inhibitory, Gi/Go- coupled, Decrease NMDA, mostly presynaptic
47
GAD
glutamate decarboxylase; | catalyzes glutamate to GABA
48
VIATT
vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
49
GAT
GABA transporter
50
What are the 4 effects of GABA agonists
anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) anesthetic sedative-hypnotic anti-convulsive
51
What are some GABA agonists, and what do they do
benzodiazepines: increase length of chloride channel openings barbiturates: increase frequency of chloride channels
52
What does synaptic inhibition do
reduce the probability of firing an action potential
53
Depolarizing synaptic potentials can inhibit neurons as long as
the ECl- is more hyperpolarized (negative) than the action potential threshold
54
In developing neurons the intracellular Cl- concentration is controlled by the
Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporter, yielding high intracellular levels of Cl-
55
In adult cells a K+/Cl- co-transporter does what
pumps Cl- out of the cell, lowering the internal Cl-, making ECl- much more negative.
56
Describe shunting inhibition
If ECl- is equal to RMP, opening of Cl- channels does not hyperpolarize the cell, inhibitory on simultaneous EPSPs
57
What do Metabotropic GABA receptors do
stimulate opening of K channels
58
Activation of presynaptic GABAB autoreceptors can:
inhibit release of GABA from the terminal
59
The GABAergic system is a what
major target for glial modulators
60
What do catecholamines act as in the CNS
neuromodulators, can make EPSP or IPSP larger or smaller but cannot evoke them. Alters ion channels excitability
61
What are the 7 catecholamines
Dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, TH, AADC, DBH, PNMT
62
Tyrosine Hdroxylase (TH)
rate limiting enzyme of cathecholamines
63
What is TH upregulated by
stress, caffeine, nicotine, morphine
64
What is TH downregulated by
antidepressants
65
What is dopamine
a catecholamine that deals with movement, motivation, addiction, schizophrenia
66
What is norepinephrine
a catecholamine that deals with attention, wakefulness, stress, pain inhibition, ADHD
67
What is epinephrine
A catecholamine that modulates hormones, stress, fight or flight, autonomic regulation
68
what does intra cranial self stimulation (ICSS) effect, and what was it used for
Medial forebrain bundle, mapping anatomical boundaries of reward system
69
How much more dopamine is released in drugs that are abused than normally
2-10 times
70
VMAT
vesicular monoamine transporter
71
DAT
Dopamine transporter
72
COMT
catechol methytransferase, degrades all catecholamines
73
MAO
monoamine oxidase, degrades all monoamines
74
HVA
homovanillic acid
75
what do cocaine and amphetamines inhibit
re uptake of dopamine Cocaine: blocks DAT Amphetamines: increase DA release
76
What do SNRIs do
increase NE-mediated inhibition in the spinal cord
77
The SNRI duloxetine is
effective for diabetic neuropathy pain
78
What does serotonin do
Regulates Mood and Sleep Implicated in depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia.
79
What is serotonins precursor
Tryptophan
80
Many antidepressants are
SSRIs because they block the serotonin transporter
81
5 groups of Neuropeptides:
``` brain / gut peptides Opioid peptides Pituitary peptides Hypothalamic releasing hormones “other peptides” ```
82
where are Pre-propeptides
rough ER
83
where are Propeptides
trans-Golgi network
84
what are opioids
Peptides that bind to the same postsynaptic receptors as bioactive opium extracts
85
3 groups of endogenous opioid receptor ligands:
Endorphins, Enkephalins, Dynorphins
86
3 major GPCRs bind opioid peptides:
Mu opioid receptors Delta opioid receptors Kappa opioid receptors
87
2 types of cannabinoid receptors
G-protein coupled receptors: CB1 and CB2
88
Where are CB1 receptors
Highly expressed in the brain
89
Where are CB2 receptors
expressed primarily in immune cells
90
Physiological effects of (Endo-) cannabinoids
inhibition of adenylate cyclase, modulation of voltage-dependent calcium, and potassium channels
91
biogenic amines
Category of small-molecule neurotransmitters; includes the catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine), serotonin, and histamine
92
histamine
A biogenic amine neurotransmitter derived from the amino acid histidine
93
pre-propeptides
The first protein translation products synthesized in a cell
94
substance P
An 11-amino acid neuropeptide; the first neuropeptide to be discovered
95
c-fos
A transcription factor, binds as a heterodimer, activating gene transcription.
96
cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)
A protein activated by cyclic AMP that binds to specific regions of DNA, thereby increasing the transcription rates of nearby genes
97
G-proteins
Proteins that are activated by exchanging bound GDP for bound GTP
98
nerve growth factor (NGF)
A neurotrophic protein required for survival and differentiation of sympathetic ganglion cells and certain sensory neurons
99
paracrine
mediated locally rather than by the general circulation.

cellular neuroscience (3 decks)

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