Exam 3 Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
acoustic correlates of vowels
A
- lower F1, higher jaw height
- higher F2, more fronted vowel
- F1 correlates with jaw height–>inverse relationship
- F2 correlates with tongue frontness/backness
- lip rounding lowers formant frequencies
2
Q
vowel space chart
A
- F1 is on ordinate (y-axis)
- F2 is on abscissa (x-axis)
- both scales in reverse order to represent the tongue positions more intuitively (scale is high-to-low)
3
Q
the “schwa trick”
A
- to determine formant frequency ranges for any given speaker, map that person’s mid-central vowel and use it as a frame of reference for the rest of the words
- an avg adults schwa will have F1=500Hz, F2=1500Hz, and F3=2500 Hz
4
Q
wideband spectrogram
A
provides info about articulation
5
Q
narrowband spectrogram
A
gives info on phonation
6
Q
acoustic correlates of consonants
A
oral stops, fricatives, affricates, nasal stops, approximates
7
Q
manner of voiced stops
A
- evidence of onset closure: abrupt drop in amplitude on waveform; sudden loss of sound tracings in frequencies above F0 on spectrogram
- presence of complex periodic sound during stop gap on waveform and of voicing bar in spectrogram
- abrupt release of closure with soft-to-moderate burst (may be visible in waveform and spectrogram)
8
Q
place of voiced stops
A
- formant transitions (especially F2 & F3) provide clues for place of articulation
- F2 dips down from vowel for labial closure [b]
- F2 is level for tongue-front closures [d]
- F2 rises and F3 dips down (velar pinch) for dorsal closure [g]
9
Q
manner of unvoiced, aspirated stops
A
- evidence of onset closure: abrupt drop in amplitude on waveform; sudden loss of all sound tracings on spectrogram
- no sound during stop gap on waveform and spectrogram
- abrupt release of closure with moderate-to-loud burst (usually visible in waveform and spectrogram)
- presence of aspiration noise on waveform and spectrogram following burst (+VOT)
10
Q
place of unvoiced, aspirated stops
A
- formant transitions (F2 and F3) provide clues
- notice that formant transitions vary depending on which vowels and consonants are adjacent
- aspiration may obscure formant transitions at onset of vowel
11
Q
manner of voiced & unvoiced fricatives
A
- more amplitude than stops
- waveform, if expanded, will show complex aperiodic sound; spectrogram will show scratchy noise tracings
- voiced fricatives will show periodicity on waveform, and both voicing bar and glottal pulses on spectrogram
- durations may vary considerably; voiced fricatives tend to be longer
12
Q
place of voiced and unvoiced fricatives
A
- most of the energy in fricatives is in the higher freq ranges; without a sufficiently large frequency scale, the place differences are hard to interpret
- the alveolar [s z] and alveopalatal [ʃ ʒ] fricatives tend to have louder frication, they are called sibilant
13
Q
sibilant
A
the alveolar [s z] and alveopalatal [ʃ ʒ] fricatives that tend to have louder frication
14
Q
voiced and unvoiced affricates
A
- stop gap (with or without voicing) like an alveolar stop
- alveopalatal fricative offset (with or without voicing)
- looks similar to [dʰ] [tʰ] except that the frication tends to be longer and is almost always more sibilant in affricates [dʒ] [tʃ]
15
Q
nasal stop
A
- abrupt onset and offset like oral stops, but without a burst
- voicing bar + first nasal formant (N1) = nasal murmur
- more formants than oral sounds–often low-intensity and not visible
- antiformants: space between formants
- place clues from adjacent vowel transitions
16
Q
approximates (liquids & glides)
A
- formant structure like vowels but with lower amplitude; greater amplitude than other consonants
- larger transitions than vowels
- [w] has F1 & F2 similar to [ʊ]
- [r] has significant drop in F3 (can dip below 2000 Hz)
- [l] may show F1 “step” transition
- [j] has F1 & F2 similar to [ɪ]
17
Q
spectrogram reading steps
A
- segmentation
- acoustic description
- articulatory description
- transcription
- stress analysis
18
Q
segmentation
A
look for boundaries between sounds
19
Q
acoustic description
A
describe the acoustic feature of each segment (voicing bar, glottal pulses, acoustic energy)
20
Q
articulatory description
A
what can you infer about articulation from the acoustic characteristics? (vowel, non-high, high, non-front)
21
Q
transcription
A
for each segment, can you narrow the transcription symbols down to a few possible candidates?
22
Q
stress analysis
A
pitch contour (look for prosodic clues using the pitch and energy contours to determine the stress patterns)
23
Q
phonetics
A
the study of speech sounds, their production, perception, and physical properties
24
Q
phonology
A
the study of the distinctive sounds and characteristic patterns of a spoken language
25
types of transcription
- broad vs narrow
- impressionistic vs systemic
- phonetic vs phonemic
26
broad transcription
doesn't show a great detail of phonetic detail--usually just main symbols
ex: phonemic transcription
27
narrow transcription
captures pronunciation in great detail using diacritics
28
impressionistic transcription
transcription of speech that is unknown to you
| you don't know the language or phonological rules
29
systemic transcription
transcription that knowingly represents the regularities of a language's unique phonology
ex: dogs --> [dogz]
30
phonetic transcription
transcription of the actual pronunciation of a word
may be broad or narrow, systemic or impressionistic
indicated by [ ]
31
phonemic transcription
a broad transcription of the underlying phonemes of a word (as it might be said in exaggerated citation-form speech, with no syllable carrying more stress than any other
indicated by / /
32
minimal pairs
two words, with different meanings, that sound identical except for one sound
ex: [kæt] vs [pæt], [k] & [p] are phonemes
words (minimal sets) often help determine the phonemes of a language)
33
phonological patterns at segmental level
- VOT
- glottal substitution: [gar*ʔ*n] instead of [gar*d*en]
- nasal & lateral position: [sænd] vs [sæ.dn̩]
- flapping: neutralization of [d]/[t] (quar*ɾ*er]
- velarization of nasals
- nasalization of vowels in nasal contexts: [mæ̃n]
- rhotacization of neutral vowels: [ɚ]
- vowel lengthening: lid vs lit
- vowel reduction
34
nasal & lateral plosion (closure)
nasals and laterals following a homorganic stop may become a plosive
ex: [m̩ n̩ ŋ̩ l̩]
35
velarization of nasals
nasals that precede (come before) velars become nasals
ex: [ræn] [ræn̬] [ræn̬k]
velar pinch on spectrogram
36
homorganic sound
sounds made in the same place of articulation
[p] [b] [m]
[s] [t] [r] [l] [n] [d]
37
rhoicization of neutral vowels
when "r-coloring" occurs with a neutral vowel, the entire vowel becomes rhoticiized
ex: [bɪrd] (beard) -- [bɚd] (bird)
38
r-coloring
occurs when the /r/ is pronounced after vowels in the same syllable
ar, er, ir, or sounds in words
39
vowel reduction
vowels in unstressed syllables immediately adjacent to stressed syllables may be reduced
ex: demonstrate
40
suprasegmental patterns
- intonation contours
- stress pattern
- tonic syllables
41
intonation contours
english has a rising intonation pattern on yes/no interrogative questions and a falling intonation on most other phrases
42
stress patterns
english marks the stressed syllable lengthening, syllable loudness, and/or rising pitch (F0)
43
tonic syllables
when stress is marked with rising pitch, especially at the level of the phrase-->that syllable is called the "tonic syllable"
- english is a non-tonal language
- variations of "ma" in mandarin
