Exam 3 Flashcards
(119 cards)
0
Q
What are other motives for bombings
A
Political
Social agents
Not always religion
1
Q
Suicide bombers might believe
A
They can achieve martyr status and indite other holy warriors to follow
2
Q
It’s is common for police to be dispatched for……
A
Suspect packages
Unattended bag
Suspicious item
3
Q
What are motives for bombers
A
Vandalism Revenge Protest Religion Political or social agenda
4
Q
Bombs more then anything else, does what to people
A
Make them feel vulnerable because they are weapons of chance
5
Q
What are the three categories of explosives
A
Low explosive
High explosive
Nuclear or atomic explosive
6
Q
What is velocity of detenation
A
Means rate of which gases expand at the moment of detonation
7
Q
How is velocity of detonation measured
A
In meters per second and it is a way of expressing the power of the explosive
8
Q
What categorizes a low explosive
A
Can be detonated through the application of heat (spark/flash)
- burns rather then detonates
- velocity does not exceed 2,000 meters/second
EXAMPLES firecrackers and black powder
9
Q
What categorizes a high explosive
A
-must be detonated by another high explosive
-detonation produces chemical
Change in substance and causes a very violent and rapid expansion of gas produced as a result of the chemical change
-velocity is greater then 2,000 meters/second
EXAMPLES nitroglycerin dynamite c4
10
Q
What triggers a high explosive
A
Triggered by smaller high explosive like a detonator cap or electronic charge
Detonator cap would be inserted into explosive. And when triggered it would set off bigger explosion
11
Q
What is a infernal machine
A
Is a criminally fabricated device which use destructive, lethal/noxious pyrotechnics or incendiary chemicals for purpose of destroying, disfiguring, distracting or harassing.
12
Q
What can create a infernal machine
A
Sometimes created from military material or equipment
Can be put together using homemade or commercially available components
13
Q
Infernal machines are also know as
A
IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES
14
Q
What are the basic categories of IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVISES (aka IED)
A
1) blast (dynamite or c4)
2) incendiary (molotove cocktail)
3) fragmentation (pipe bomb, mail bomb)
15
Q
What are two specific categories of IED
A
1) TYPE A referred to as stipulated delay devises: explosive devices that functions without requiring additional action by person once delay mechanism has been set in motion (fuse or timer)
2) TYPE B in stipulates delay device: functions as response to some actions which is usually carried out by intended victims (opening door, opening letter, turning on light switch)
16
Q
What are two categories of fusing systems
A
1) electric
2) non-electric
17
Q
What constitutes an electric fusing system
A
- takes form of power source coupled with an electronic detonator switch
- for IED electronic fusing system consist of power source and electronic bridge switch
18
Q
What is an non-electronic fusing system used
A
Used with an explosive as a safety fuse and a detonator
-for IED takes form of flame/flash or chemical reaction
19
Q
What are two common types of fuses
A
1) safety fuse
2) detonating cord
20
Q
What constitutes a safety fuse
A
- generally slow burning
- used with non-electronic detonators
- can be used to ignite black powder
- comes in different colours
- different colours indicate burn rate of fuse
- length of fuse and amount of powder it contains will indicate length of time it will take fuse to burn
21
Q
What constitutes a detonation cord
A
- high explosive cord which does not burn
- used with detonator to set off an explosion with Velocity of approximately 6,000 meters/second
22
Q
When you approach a scene of a bombing or suspected bomb…..
A
- same steps and protocols as you would use at any other scene
- approach with caution
- keep in mind the force of explosion could project evidence and debris some distance away from epicentre of scene
23
Q
Most mid size to large police agencies have….. Unit
When should they be called
A
Explosive disposal unit EDU
Should be called to any package where there is a suspicion or threat that it may contain explosive
24
What is the difficulty when responding to bomb threats
Not knowing whether you are dealing with genuine threat or somebodies idea of a good time or attempt to terrorize target
25
What are common target is bomb threats
- cars/ other vehicles
- public buildings
- homes
- offices
- street locations
26
Majority of bomb threats will come from 3 main sources
1) school -disgruntled disciplined or suspended students or students wanting to disrupt exams
2) public building - police stations shopping malls stores
3) VIP locates- embassies consulates legislative buildings prime minister or other higher ranking officials
27
What is the cheapest form of terrorism
Bomb threats and hoaxes
Usually carried out with little expense and even less planning
28
Is a perpetrator usually identified?
No but usually a group will step up and claim responsibility for it
29
What is a bomb threat defined as
Incident during which it is implied by person(s)---known or unknown--- either verbally, in writing that a device has been placed in area, building or vehicle
30
What is a bomb hoax
When a deliberately placed package is located during a search initiated as a result of a bomb threat
May be non explosive or non incendiary in nature and lacking form or means of initiation(detonation)
31
What are the three groups responsibility for searching for bomb/explosive device usually fall under
1) building owner or manager or occupants
2) security personnel
3) law enforcement agencies
32
4 important considerations anytime you are called to deal with a bomb threat or hoax
1) control procedures
2) search procedures
3) action to be taken if a suspicious package or item is found
4) evacuation procedure
33
What are the control procedures to follow?
Usually involves
- proceed at normal speed
- be alert for suspicious persons or vehicles
- contact and question individuals who received threat information
- review bomb threat procedures guidelines with individuals who received threat
Usually involve an area of a building or the entire building
34
Who should you talk to. To find out why the threat might have been made
Interview manager or owner for reasons for call and possible source of call
35
What are the search procedures when dealing with a bomb threat or hoax
- conduct search accompanied by management
- assemble employee/ occupants representatives- instruct them to go back to respected areas and keep a look out for any suspicious packages or objects
- employees or occupants should report anything they find police will initiate and conduct evacuation
- advise employees or occupant to not touch or remove anything they find
36
What are 2 very important guidelines when conducting search for explosives
1) conduct search from outside in
| 2) conduct search from bottom to top
37
What other searches should be conducted
Sun searches within larger buildings
These include floor to waist level
Waist level To eye level
Eye level to ceiling
False ceilings and inside duct work
38
What radious should be used when searching exterior
30-60 meter radious
39
What are some important things to consider when searching
- stop look and listen
- search in clockwise pattern (systematic search)
- look for unusual objects in unusual places (regular objects in unusual places)
- consider type B devises
- if you do not find a bomb do not assume there is no bomb and do not say there is no bomb
40
What action should be taken if something is found
- do not move it
- contact control Center and advise them where something has been found, why it is considered suspicious, description of package or object, safe route to approach the scene or object
- contact explosive disposal unit
- while waiting for them to arrive you need to develop a safe route for evacuation for EDU to use to access package or object, evaluate the premises, keep everyone away, try to determine ownership, meet EDU when they arrive
41
What are ways that an evacuation can be initiated
Through broadcasting on a public
| Address system, fire alarm or providing verbal directions
42
How far away should the evacuation take people
At least 300 meters away
43
Who decided when to return to the building or ground
Who has authority to call off search but only if no package was located
Building manager or owner
Building manager or supervisor
44
What defines a hostage
Individual who is confined against his or her will and threatened as security for fulfilment of certain terms or conditions
45
What are 3 objectives when dealing with armed or barricaded person.
1) preventing loss of life or serious injury
2) preventing serious damage to property
3) apprehension of suspect or offender
46
When preventing loss or serious injury, police work to minimize this to who
```
Hostages
Bystanders or passerby
Nearby residence or occupants
Police and other emergency responders
Media
Offender
```
47
When preventing serious damage to property, police work to ensure minimal damage to?
- home and contents
- commercial premises
- transportation
48
What can apprehension of suspect or offender be accomplished through
- negotiation
- trickery
- force
49
What are 3 key course of action that can be taken to accomplish 3 objectives when dealing with armed or barricaded persons
Contain
Isolate
Negotiate
50
5 phases to operational plan which involves presence of armed and/or barricaded individuals
1) basic personal and equipment
2) first report- complaint and response
3) scene control- defensive/holding action
4) offensive tactical operation
5) debriefing
51
What does phase one- basic personnel and equipment entail
-making sure that any equipment and/or necessary personnel required to cope with any possible contingencies are available at the scene
52
What is the typical roaster requires at a armed or barricaded person scene
- general duty officer
- tactical team
- plain clothes operatives (undercover)
- hostage negotiators (at least 2)
- police service dog
- technical support unit
- identification section
- media relations personnel
- stenographer (scribe) for command post
- explosive disposal unit
- EMS ambulance service
- victim services
53
What are other specific resources that might be required
- command post (mobile or stationary)
- extra ammunition
- loud hailers (portable loudspeaker with microphone)
- binocular and/or spotting scopes
- tear gas equipment
- portable radios and extra batteries
- recording equipment
- descriptive aid charts
- portable white board
- map of general area
- night vision equipment
54
In phase two- first report where does it usually develop from (1-2 scenarios)
1) report to police of an armed and barricaded person
| 2) routine police complaint which becomes an armed and barricaded person situation
55
What should a first line officer keep in mind when responding to an incident
1) attract minimal attention
2) maintain firm, yet calm demeanour
3) respond quickly and safely (no lights/sirens)
4) route to scene should not be obvious one
5) do not drive past location or up to it
6) make note of person/vehicles leaving area-- avoid mobile hostage situation (less predictable and less opportunity for control)
7) maintain max distance from incident and readily available cover will depend where you are
8) notify dispatch of arrival on scene
9) establish inner perimeter (containment)
10) assign first back up unit to be used as communication Center.
11) detain all witnesses for debriefing
12) call for backup support as required
13) if there is a threat of weapon/suspect has weapon
14) front line officer acts as commander until supervisor or incident commander arrives
15) request supervisor to attend, supervisor in turn requests incident commander to attend
16) maintain positions until released by tac team member
17) maintain communication
18) plan to arrest when suspect willing to surrender --contact may be initiated upon arrival DO NOT cut off conversation, resulting contact may put you in position to arrest
56
When arriving on scene what information should you give to dispatch
- type of building
- describe exact location of doors, windows and identify roof colour and other distinguishing characteristics
- identify possible avenues of escape
- identify safe approach route for other units
57
What should the inner perimeter do
Confine suspects to immediate area
Assign officers on foot to front and rear of scene(out of sight and behind cover) to maintain surveillance and containment
Maintain fire arm discipline( if don't need it keep it holstered)
58
the communication Center will obtain information from? About?
Witnesses and other sources
Location of suspects or hostages
Names and physical description of suspects
Describe weapons and access to ammunition
59
What should you do if a subject wishes to surrender
- remember officer safety, stay behind cover and give instructions
- direct subject to clearing keep subject covered at all times
- direct suspect to place all weapons on ground and to move away from them
- conduct high risk arrest
- handcuff suspect and search thoroughly
- caution and advise suspect of their charter rights
60
What is the purpose of establishing inner and outer perimeters
- contain threat-- contain problem until backup arrives
- protect innocent persons from harm
- prevent unauthorized persons from interfering with situation
61
How do you establish inner perimeters
- positions responding officers to confine suspect in a small area, cover all escape routes. Uniformed officers control inner circle until released by tactical team
- ensure all officers have max visibility of incident location to assist in intelligence gathering
- ensure team members are invisible
- permit only tac team members and negotiators to enter inner circle
- determine necessity of evacuation of victims, witnesses and neighbours from location using safe route. If unsafe to move, relocate to basement/ another safe location within building
- isolate subject from outside world
- secure police radio
62
Only movement within the inside perimeter should be
Controlled-- movement of police
| Uncontrolled-- movement of offender and hostages
63
Outer perimeter established to
- protect nearby civilians or bystanders
| - keep vehicles and pedestrian traffic away from area
64
Which perimeter should the command post be in
Outer perimeter
65
What can be used to make outer perimeter
Police vehicles
Barricades
Police personal
Authorized people only
66
Incident commander directs...
What actions that need to be taken and the level of force to be used
67
Tactical action will be taken if
- clear indication a hostages life has been taken and there are additional hostages( see a body)
- clear indication life is going to be taken
- suspect indicated they have killed or prepared to kill a hostage
- hostage indicates suspect already killed a hostage
- hostage indicates suspect has indicated they have potential to kill hostage and has indicated will to carry through with threat
- suspect breaks out alone
- suspect breaks out with a hostage
68
Tactical options which may be used include
- chemical agents
- forced entry
- sniper
- diversions
- dynamic or stealth entries
69
2 types of debriefing following an incident
1) operational incident debriefing
| 2) critical incident stress debriefing
70
What are all the aspects of a operational incident debriefing
- incident commander and all member participate
- ask what happened, did we respond correctly, what could we do better
- important because it provides opportunity for constructive criticism
- discussion about new strategies and success of new techniques
- useful to identify any problem which may have occurs, so they can be corrected in future
71
What does a critical incident stress debriefing include
- conducted when incident involved a significant stressor (serious injury, death)
- compromised of police officers and trained peers and outside professionals (mental health worker, police caption)
- generally facilitated by trained mental health professional
- conducted within 24-48 hours of incident
- may be conducted in group setting, several or all officers involved in incident in attendance
- may also be conducted on individual basis
- allows officers to express their thoughts and feelings surrounding the incident
72
Why was the critical incident stress debriefing made
Forum to identify and discuss signs and symptoms of stress and peoples response to stress
73
What are the goals of the critical incident stress debriefing
Attempt to bring about closure includes providing referrals to available resources and plan of action moving forward
74
Negotiating with hostage takers buys ?
Time
75
8 reasons why time in valuable when working with hostage takers
1) increased human needs of hostage takers like hunger, fatigue, mental weariness
2) reducing stress and anxiety-- attention diverted away from hostages and towards police
3) increases rational thinking -- give suspect time to think and consider position
4) increased opportunities for hostages to escape
5) allow development of suspect-negotiator rapport and relationship
6) suspects expectations reduce as time goes by
7) provides opportunity for development of "Stockholm syndrome"
8) permits intelligence gathering
76
What intelligence is gathered while negotiating with hostage takers
1) suspect(name, DOB, physical description, family background, employment history, casual factors of incident
2) Hostages (names, DOB, physical description, photos, locations)
3) weapons (type, quantity, ammunition supply, suspect familiarity and skill)
4) scene (obtain maps, floor plans, photos showing doors, windows, other access points)
5) offence (identify offence committed, authority to take action)
77
What does Stockholm syndrome refer to?
The presence of one or more f the following behaviours in a hostage:
- begins to have positive feelings toward suspect
- empathize with hostage taker reason for circumstance they are in
- may be friend or family member of taker doesn't want them to be harmed
- develops negative attitude towards authority including police (do not know what they are planning, scared anything they do will increase risk to themselves
Hostage taker begins to develop own positive feelings towards hostages
78
3 common indicators for suspect taking a hostage
1) criminal- takes to facilitate escape, usually rational thinking, police want to contain and encourage surrender
2) group with an agenda- political, terrorist-- key goal is to get media attention to broadcast their message, may be resolved to die for cause, see themselves as revolutionary seekers of justice, police want to contain and negotiate
3) mental- takes to prove something to themselves, seeks mental attention for cause, irractic and unpredictable, may cause aggression, suicide, homicide, police respond to negotiate and encourage surrender
79
What is victims precipitated homicide also referred to as
Suicide by cop
80
What is victim precipitated homicide
Situation where suspect attempts to provoke police into using lethal force
81
What are indicators of victims precipitated homicide
- demand to be killed by your agency
- suspect establishes deadline for dying
- suspect has just killed a significant other
- suspect provides you with verbal will or final wishes
- indicates elaborate plan for their own death
- offers no escape plan
- comes from low socio-economic background
- record of arrest for assaultive behaviour
- seeks manly or honourable way to commit suicide
- says or indicated they want to go out with a bang
- suspect expresses feelings of hopelessness/ helplessness
- will only surrender to police chief or some high ranking authority or political figure
- recently experienced a double whammy. Multiple bad things happened quickly
82
3 things everyone is looking for in life
1) identity
2) status
3) recognition
83
When learn to recognize stressors are impacting you. Need to realize that
1) if you are not in control of your own life someone else is
2) anger moves you away from your goals
3) you are three times more likely to be killed when you are angry
4) whoever angers you controls you
84
What is the model of stress
1) stimuli
2) perception
3) reaction- based on appraisal not necessarily upon actual event
4) behaviour
85
What is a stressed
Any environmental event which causes an autonomic system response
Stimuli that causes person to react in certain way but is not reaction itself
86
Reaction is called
STRESS
87
Object or events........
What are these meanings called
DO NOT have meaning until we assign them meaning
Perceptions
88
Perception leads to......... Which forms.......
Stress reaction. Behaviour
89
What is trauma
Psychologically distressing event outside the range of the human experience/ attack in the mind working through bodies defence system
90
Trauma has potential to
Significantly disrupt individuals life and can result in physical illness or change in personality if not managed quickly and effectively
91
What is a stressor
Response characterized by physical and psychological arousal, resulting from demands and/or pressure put on living organism
92
Crisis is always.....
Real to the person experiencing it. Crisis not necessarily defined as a critical incident
93
When is traumatic stress produced
When individual is exposed to disturbing traumatic event. MAy be immediate or delayed
94
When does critical incident stress occur
When trauma causes individual to feel anxious and shaken
95
What is critical incident stress characterized by
Wide range of physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioural signs and symptoms
96
Examples of critical incidents
- line of duty death
- serious line of duty injury
- suicide
- disaster
- multi causality incident
- police shooting
- significant events involving children
- being related or close to victim
- prolonged incident especially when there is a loss
- excessive media attention
97
What is a critical incident stress debriefing
Based on
Group meeting or discussion about a distressing critical incident
Core principles of crisis intervention
98
What is critical incident stress debriefing designed to do?
Another name for it
Mitigate impact of critical incident and to assist personnel in recovering as quickly as possible from stress associated with event
Critical incident aftercare
99
What is the critical incident stress debriefing model
Equilibrium
Change
Stress
Crisis. Deterioration
Growth. Equilibrium
Adaptation
100
What is the key purpose of critical incident stress debriefing
Offer stress relief for normal, emotionally healthy persons who have experience a traumatic event
101
What are the main goals of critical incident stress debriefing
1) mitigate the impact of critical incident on those who were victims of event (primary, secondary, tertiary)
2) accelerate the recover process in person who are experiencing stress reactions to abnormal traumatic events
102
What are the secondary goals of critical incident stress debriefing
- provide education about stress and stress reactions
- emotional ventilation
- reassure affected individual that stress response is controllable
- provide forwarding about signs and symptoms of critical incident stress
- reduce myths about uniqueness and abnormality
- establish positive contact with mental health professionals
- enhance a sense of community amount group
103
What are the 4 main categories of stress symptoms
1) physical
2) cognitive
3) emotional
4) behavioural
104
Stress responses might be
Immediate
Delayed
Cumulative
105
Examples of immediate stress reactions for each category
1) physical: nausea, tremors, sweating, fatigue, gastrointestinal distress
2) cognitive: memory loss, anomia, decreased decision making ability, limited attention span
3) emotional: anxiety, fear, hopelessness, grief, anger, crying
4) behavioural: withdrawn, silent or overly talkative, change in behaviour, under/over reacting
106
Coping mechanisms require you to
Develop a positive sense of self
107
What can be harnessed as a coping mechanism
Anything meaningful or enjoyable to you
108
Coping required you to
Give yourself time to grieve and to deal with your reactions to event
- mange time by prioritizing overwhelming to do list
- get unpleasant tasks out of the way first
109
What should you do when you are dealing with critical incident stress
- talk about your reactions with people around you who are supportive
- talk with people you are comfortable with
110
What are some things you should do to cope with trauma
- if you feel afraid, unsure or even guilty seek help
- face feelings and problems as they arise
- may trigger memory loss
- try to remain doing regular routines as much as possible
- foster supportive relationships to ward off negativity
111
What does the employee assistance program provide
Support for employees and families
112
Who are referral agents? What are they?
Care providers (many are peers)
Often first point of contact for employee in crisis
113
What do referral agents do?
Listen to individuals or employees concerns and provides referral Info to appropriate care providers or agencies
Also serve as employee advocate when requires
114
What are some things employee assistance program assist with
- family loss
- alcohol or drug dependancy
- depression
- suicide prevention
- grief counselling
- financial crisis
- interpersonal or peer relationships
- employee or employer concerns
115
What is goal of EAP
Maintain and support healthy employees (mental, physical, emotional)
116
Why is EAP effective
Often officer peers who are first to notice changes in behaviour
Ideally the peer who noticed behaviour should offer support and or referral
117
With EAP employees must be
Willing to seek out or ask for assistance
118
Why would an officer not seek out help through EAP
- hesitant because of the image they think it will portray
- lack of knowledge about type of assistant available or tainted understanding of program
- think it might negatively impact their chances for promotions or being selected for specialty teams/units
- worried it might be grounds for termination
