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Cognitive Psychology 335 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Phonology

A

the combination of sounds of a language

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2
Q

Morphology

A

the study of the combination of bits of words and words into larger units

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3
Q

Syntax

A

the study of the combination of words into phrases and sentences

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4
Q

Linguistics

A

the science of language including the structure of language and focusing on a description of speech sounds, meaning, and grammar.

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5
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

psychologists generally view language in terms of how humans use language–the discipline that incorporates both approaches to the study of language is this.

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6
Q

Phoneme

A

the basic unit of spoken language that by themselves have no meaning

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7
Q

Morphemes

A

the smallest unit of meaning in language (words, parts of words–suffixes, prefixes–or a combination of these)

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8
Q

Morphology

A

the study of the structure of words

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9
Q

Transformational grammar

A

deals with the changes in linguistic forms that may retain the same meaning

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10
Q

Surface structure

A

part of the actual sentence that can be segmented and labeled by conventional parsing

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11
Q

Deep structure

A

the underlying meaning of the structure

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12
Q

What is Chomsky’s theory on Language

A

that the essential components of language were innate (nature)

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13
Q

What is Skinner’s theory on Language

A

language is all learned (nurture)

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14
Q

What do behaviorists believe about language

A

that language developed through reinforcement; however, Chomsky argued that only the morphological aspects of language development is subject to reinforcement.

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15
Q

Linguistic-relativity hypothesis

A

a questionable theory with the idea that our language influences perception and conceptualization of reality (also known as the Whorfian hypothesis)

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16
Q

Semantics

A

the meaning of sentences

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17
Q

Syntax without sematics

A

(rules for putting words together without meaning) William’s Syndrome or Wernicke’s aphasia

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18
Q

Semantics without syntax

A

(meaning without rules for putting words together) Borca’s aphasia

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19
Q

Saccades

A

small series of jumps (in eye movement when reading)

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20
Q

perceptual scan

A

how much information can be perceived during a brief presentation

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21
Q

Foveal vision

A

encompasses a visual angle of only 1 to 2 degrees

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22
Q

Lexical-decision task (LDT)

A

a type of priming task, in which the experimenter measures how quickly participants could determine whether paired strings of letters were words

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23
Q

People with specialized knowledge…

A

comprehend technical information in their field better than nonspecialists do

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24
Q

Story reproductions

A

statements that accurately reflect the comprehension of the text

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25
Story reconstructions
statements that are plausible inferences from the main theme
26
Story metastatements
participant's comments, opinions, and attitudes on the text
27
Are sentences stored in memory in combined or isolated form?
combined
28
Inductive reasoning
decisions are based on past experiences and conclusions are based on what is perceived as the best choice of a number of possible alternatives
29
Ad hominem arguments
attack a person's character rather than the substance of an argument
30
Decision frame
a decision maker's "conception of the acts, outcomes, and contingencies associated with a particular choice
31
Availability heuristic
we tend to overestimate the frequencies of initial letters because the words they generate are more available that are words with that same letter in the third position
32
Conditional probability
the probability that new information is true if a particular hypothesis is true
33
Problem solving
thinking that is directed towards the solving of a specific problem that involves both the formation of responses and the selection among possible responses
34
Functional fixedness
there is a tendency to perceive things in terms of their familiar uses and that that tendency often makes it difficult to use them in an unfamiliar way
35
Creativity
a cognitive activity that results in a new or novel way of viewing a problem or situation
36
Convergent thinking
moves in a straightforward manner to a particular conclusion
37
Divergent thinking
requires a person to generate many different answers to a question, the "correctness" of the answers being somewhat subjective
38
Components
the steps that a person must go through to solve a problem
39
Metacompnonents
the person's knowledge about how to solve the problem
40
Means-end analysis
used for solving well-defined problems
41
Analogy
use a solved problem to solve and new problem
42
Brainstorming
generate ideas without critical examination (useful for ill defined problems)
43
Hill climbing
choosing a problem solving operator that moves closest to the goal
44
Function fixedness
(pitfall of problem solving) tendency to view things in terms of their familiar uses
45
Mental set
(pitfall of problem solving) bias to solve problems in a way that has worked in the past
46
Wrong representation
(pitfall of problem solving) experts spend more time figuring out how to represent a problem that novices
47
Starting at wrong point
(pitfall of problem solving) choosing the starting point that has fewer choice points
48
Experts have...
larger chunks, more abstract representation, different perceptions, a lot more practice--not talent
49
Expected utility theory
***
50
Judgement heuristics
rules of thumb, "satisfice" rather than optimize
51
Representativeness
the tendency to judge the probability of an object/event 0 belonging to category C by evaluating how typical/representative 0 is of C
52
Availablity
the tendency to evaluate the probability of an event by assessing the ease with which instances come to mind
53
Counterfactual reasoning
(related to availability) think of highly available alternatices when evaluating an event--"if only it had been different"
54
Confirmation bias
a tendency for people to look for evidence that confirms their hypothesis, the tendency not to look for falsifying evidence
55
Illusory correlations
a tendency for people to see correlations between variables when the correlations do not really exist (Rorschach ink blots)
56
Anchoring and adjustments
when making an estimate, people start with a figure and adjust this figure up or down to obtain their estimate
57
Framing
the same information, expressed in different forms, can lead to different judgements
58
Sunk costs
the more investment a person has made into something, the more likely they will continue to invest in it
59
Overconfidence
people are often more confident in their judgements than they should be
60
Hindsight bias
people exaggerate their confidence in an outcome occurring when they know what did occur
61
Casual reasoning
people tend to reason from cause to effect, inferring effects from causes
62
Artificial intelligence
the science of getting computers to behave in an intelligent manner
63
Explicit knowledge representaiton
programmer feeds in all of the information the computer needs to know using If...Then rules
64
What are some advantages of using weighted neural networks in AIs
learning, graceful degradation, noise tolerance, content addressable memory
65
Sequential processing model
how computers generally process information, serieally
66
Parallel processing model
brains generally process information in parallel
67
Turning test
getting a computer to trick us into thinking its a human
68
Moore's law
technology is doubling

Cognitive Psychology 335 (3 decks)

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