Exam 3

Question 1

Identify a novel example of generalization

Answer 1

Similarly shaped stop sign in another country

-when you still respond appropriately to a situation because it resembles a past situation

Question 2

From a Darwinism (natural selection) perspective, why is generalizing important for living organisms?

Answer 2

• increases organisms chance of survival

- generalizing too much would decrease their change of surviving

Question 3

What is the shape of the generalization gradient?

Question 4

1.)Train and hope

Answer 4

Train s the desired behavior and hopes it generalizes to everyday situations
-usually fails

Question 5

2.)Generalization training

Answer 5

Is the most effective of the 3 techniques

Question 6

3.)Similar stimuli

Answer 6

This method ensures that stimuli similar to those present in the twining situation are also present in the everyday situation.
-maximizes the similarity between training and real life situation

Question 7

Significance of Milgram studies

Answer 7

Instructed person to shock the othe person if they missed a question

• over half completed experiment
• generalized compliance: the more respectable the doctor looked, the more compliance they received

Question 8

What does it mean if 2 stimuli are ‘arbitrarily related’?

Answer 8

The sounds of the word ‘baby’ is A.R. related to a living baby

• doesn’t smell like/ look like a real baby
• *we had to learn the connection
• had to be learned

Question 9

Definition of generalization

Answer 9

The occurrence of a behavior in the presence of a novel stimulus
Eliminates boundaries between situations
-the behavior spreads frown one situation to the other

Question 10

Understand how through natural language training, humans learn to relate arbitrary stimuli as equivalent to one another.

Answer 10

• a benefit of language is the ability to understand much more than approach/ avoidance of a novel stimulus
• language is about learning between 2 arbitrary stimuli

Question 11

Know what the following sentence means and be able to apply it in novel examples:
The contextual stimulus determines the functions of the stimuli.

Answer 11

“Hand me the hammer”

• hammer is Sd
• other tools is bin are S^
• the CS determines the function of the antecedent stimulus

Question 12

Be able to identify the contextual stimulus if given a novel example…

Answer 12

Hearing the word baby and relating it to a photo of a baby

Question 13

Stimulus equivalence relations?

In red frame on canvas slides

Answer 13

.?

Question 14

Know the difference between between trained (solid arrows) and emergent (dashed arrows) relation.

Answer 14

Trained: what was taught in the lab
Emergent: not explicitly trained in lab, just happens

Trained- A>B. A>C.
Emergent: B>A. C>A. C>B. B>C

Question 15

If one member of an equivalence class can elicit an emotion (happiness or panic), all members of the equivalence can elicit that emotion.

Answer 15

This is referred to as the functional relation between these antecedent stimuli and the emotional response.

Question 16

1st wave behavioralism therapists
Mary jones
Joseph Wolpe

Answer 16

Mary Jones
-fixed little Albert (moving rabbit closer and closer slowly)
-extensive use of Pavlovian extinction techniques
Joseph Wolpe
-reciprocate inhibition
-dry to treat ptsd
-didn’t work with other anxieties

Question 17

First wave techniques

Answer 17

Variety of Pavlovian extinction techniques

• good outcomes -80%
• operant procedures primarily used

Question 18

How was the second wave different from the first wave?

Answer 18

2nd wave= cognitive revolution CBT

Replacing bad thoughts with rational, adaptive cognition

Question 19

CBT

Answer 19

Cognitive behavioral therapy
The mind (the computer) has a virus that prevents normal functioning
-therapist finds faulty thinking, challenges
-change cognition> reduce symptoms of depression/ anxiety etc.

Question 20

What empirical findings led us to question the assumptions underlying second wave therapies?

Answer 20

Shows that CBT causes a change but not because the client is restructuring their cognition

Question 21

White bear problem

Answer 21

If you are told not to think about the white bear… You’re going to think about the bear.
-3rd wave believe controlling the cognitive content is not the answer

Question 22

How did the 3rd wave change from the 2nd wave.

Answer 22

3rd wave is more accepting and has more mindfulness

Question 23

Cognitive fusion

Answer 23

Thoughts taken literally, elicit deep unmanageable emotional states
-treat thoughts as fact

Question 24

Cognitive delusion

Answer 24

Works to alter the function of the thought

-the goal is to be able to accept your thoughts

Question 25

ACT

Answer 25

Acceptance and commitment therapy
-explore values of client>commit to walk valued path and knowing those problem thoughts are going to arise/ have to acknowledge those thoughts, realize they’re just thoughts and move on

Question 26

What is the clients goal when they come to therapy and how (in 3rd wave therapies) does that goal need to change?

Answer 26

• I must get rid of these thoughts/ feelings if I want to live a valued life.
• I will welcome thoughts and feelings from a new context (doing so will alter their function)

Question 27

What approach does the ACT therapist used to produce cognitive diffusion?

Answer 27

Get clients to view thoughts and the process of thinking in a new way
-thoughts are not literally true

Question 28

What is involved in the commitment portion of ACT-therapy?

Answer 28

Finding your values

-can e commit to these values by approaching situations that we previously avoided.

Question 29

Primary reinforcer

Answer 29

Consequence that maintains behavior (reinforcer)

• no learning required for this consequence to serve as a reinforcer
• temporarily lose their Efficacy thought satiation

Question 30

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 30

A consequence that requires reinforcing properties during the lifetime of the organizer

• i.e. $100 bill- you have to learn what it means before it serves as a reinforcer
• needs to be delivered county gent upon that behavior
• if you do the behavior- you get the CR

Question 31

What is the difference between a conditioned reinforcer and the generalized reinforcer?

Answer 31

Conditioned: reinforcer that is paired up with a single back up reinforcer
Generalized: reinforcer that is paired with multiple back up reinforcers

Question 32

What is a back up reinforcer?

Answer 32

A reinforcing event that makes a conditioned reinforcer effective
-dolphin trainer using a click noise to reinforce behavior and than gives the dolphin fish. The fish is a backup reinforcer

Question 33

How do you create a conditioned reinforcer?

Answer 33

• Pavlovian conditioning (make the neutral stimulus productive of the back up reinforcer)
• a consequent stimulus that is predictive of a back up reinforcer becomes a conditioned reinforcer

Question 34

What is a stimulus?

Answer 34

Anything that you can sense and that can potentially influence behavior

Question 35

What does antecedent mean?

Answer 35

A stimulus that occurs before the behavior