Exam 3 Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
By 1917, many psychologists in the “clinical” role were involved with psychological assessment of children and adults. Typically, this meant that they were using which test?
A
The Binet test, later known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
2
Q
What event was a major achievement for clinical psychology in 1917, which the medical profession was adamantly against?
A
Two states passed laws permitting judges to commit individuals to mental hospitals based on the expert testimony of clinical psychologists without medical corroboration
3
Q
In 1917 the US declared war on Germany and thus sought the services of psychologists for which two reasons?
A
To assess the intellectual functioning of military recruits and to assess soldiers and recruits with respect to job placement in the services
4
Q
World War I initiated the development of the first types of what assessment, and what was its purpose?
A
Personality tests; to screen out soldiers who might be susceptible to shell shock
5
Q
A nationwide attempt to prevent child delinquency precipitated the development of what?
A
The first guidance clinic in 1921. Many more followed, increasing the number of positions for applied psychologists
6
Q
What need was apparent at the end of WWII?
A
A much greater pool of mental health professionals
7
Q
What merger did the government push for in response to World War II?
A
The American Association of Applied Psychology (AAAP), represented by clinical psychologists, and the American Psychological Association (APA), represented by the university faculty who educated psychologists
8
Q
The newly organized APA had which two goals?
A
To develop doctoral programs in clinical psychology, and to identify programs of acceptable quality
9
Q
After WWII, what did the government push for in the field of clinical psychology?
A
A standardized curriculum and an accreditation system
10
Q
In 1949, the APA worked together with the NIMH and the VA to hold a grueling two week conference, out of which was born…?
A
The scientist-practitioner model!
11
Q
The Boulder Report, published in 1950, speaks to which major acknowledgement?
A
That the model training program was being established in the midst of significant changes in the science of psychology and within a post-war American society
12
Q
The Boulder Report discusses which concerns?
A
Validity of the instruments used in assessment (such as personality tests) and about therapeutic techniques
13
Q
The Boulder Report comments on the dangers of what kind of model?
A
One that is too uniform
14
Q
The Boulder Report stresses which need?
A
To keep abreast of societal needs to have a clinical profession that will serve the public good
15
Q
Which psychologist was emphasized in the reading as having a great influence on the growth of clinical psychology in the 1940s?
A
David Shakow
16
Q
How did David Shakow influence clinical psychology?
A
With his lifelong dedication to understand and treat psychological disorders and his diligent pursuit of clinical psychology as an established mental health profession
17
Q
David Shakow wrote which document that was the structural backbone for the Boulder Report?
A
His 1947 committee report, which recommended a graduate training program in clinical psychology
18
Q
After WWII, which fields within psychology began to blossom?
A
Applied psychology!
Clinical psychology!
Industrial psychology!
And Counseling psychology!
19
Q
Currently, which branch is the fast growing in psychology?
A
Health psychology
20
Q
George W. Albee considered what to be the Boulder Model’s fatal flaw?
A
The acceptance of the medical model, with its psychiatric hegemony, medical concepts, and language
21
Q
Peter E. Nathan discussed which argument concerning the Boulder Model?
A
The gap between clinical research and clinical practice; the fact that clinical psychology must do more than pay lip service to the Boulder model and start paying attention to research in order to determine our professional future
22
Q
What does George Stricker argue has happened to the Scientist-Practitioner Model?
A
That most professional programs aren’t using it the way it was originally described; they are placing emphasis on the practitioner, and de-emphasis on the scientist
23
Q
What is the cultivation hypothesis?
A
That exposure to recurrent patterns of images present on television shapes a viewer’s perceptions of reality towards the portrayed issue or group
24
Q
What are cultivation effects?
A
Expectations and attitudes that have been shaped by repeated exposure to images and messages from television.
25
What might cultivation effects influence?
Intentions, through their effect on expectations and then attitudes to engage in a behavior.
26
Why does the cultivation model merit study for the Vogel article?
It can be used to explore how expectations about therapy (i.e. expected reactions of others or the stigma associated with seeking help and anticipated risks and benefits of talking to a therapist) and attitudes toward therapy will mediate the relationship between television exposure and intention to seek therapy for psychological and interpersonal concerns.
27
How can television portrayals influence public perception?
Negative portrayals of clients can lead to increased stigmatization and discrimination toward the mentally ill and reduce treatment seeking. Inaccurate portrayals of therapists could lead an individual to perceive therapy as ineffective or risky.
28
What did the Vogel study address?
It measured the association between exposure to television shows and viewers’ attitudes and intentions to seek therapy. It used structural equation modeling.
29
On what 6 domains were the participants assessed in the Vogel article?
Stigma, Anticipated risks and benefits, Attitudes toward therapy, Intentions to seek therapy, Depression, and Television Exposure
30
What were the findings of the Vogel article (The Influence of Television on Willingness to Seek Therapy)?
Results revealed a positive correlation between viewers’ television exposure and their perceptions of stigma, which then negatively predicted their attitudes towards seeking professional mental health services.
There was also a negative correlation between the viewers’ television exposure and their anticipated benefits (through increased negative attitudes)
31
What heuristic might have accounted for the findings in the Vogel article?
The accessibility bias, which functions due to the frequency and recentness of information being activated and the vividness of that information’s presentation.
32
What are the implications of the Vogel study?
Media campaigns might be used to change public opinion about therapy. Television portrayals could be used to portray therapy accurately and use effective spokespeople. Protest, education, and contact with accurate information about therapy are necessary.
33
What was the sole objective of the APA when it was first founded in 1892?
According to its by-laws, its sole objective was to advance psychology as a science
34
When did the objective of the APA change and why?
It changed in 1945 with the merger of the APA and the American Association for Applied Psychology (AAAP). Its new objective was to advance psychology as a science, as a profession, and as means of promoting human welfare.
35
Which other psychological association was formed in 1930?
The Society for Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI)
36
What was the main objective of the SPSSI?
To study social issues as they apply to the field of psychology. Their goal was to promote human welfare. The organization was formed after the Great Depression.
37
What did the psychologists of the SPSSI aim to study?
They wanted to promote specific research projects on contemporary psychological problems; to collect, analyze, and disseminate data on the psychological consequences of the present economic, political, and cultural crisis.
38
True or False: Applying psychology to social issues was stigmatized in the same way that all applied psychology was seen as less important than the “pure” research conducted in the laboratory.
True
39
What journal was created due to the formation of the SPSSI?
The Journal of Social Issues
40
What did Francis Galton conclude after his trip to Africa?
He determined that those of the “black race” were substantially inferior to the “white race” on a number of intellectual and behavioral dimensions (which we all know is bullshit)
41
What did psychologists (during that time period) believe about the race question?
They believed that African Americans [“blacks in the book”], Native Americans, and Hispanics were inferior to whites.
42
True or False: The conclusions made by psychologists about race was based on extensive research on racial differences.
False
43
What research study was the first to start the conversation about race and race psychology?
Research conducted by R.M. Bache and Litghner Witmer studied the reactions times between whites and blacks & Native Americans. Their Research found that whites had slower reaction times compared to their racially different peers. Despite this results, Bache still concluded that blacks and Native Americans were inferior to whites, because their reaction times indicated that they operated automatically and reflexively.
44
What did G. Stanley Hall conclude about racial minorities?
Referred to them as primitive people whose mental development of a white adolescent, Native Americans had the mental development of a white child.
45
What shift was made in regards to racial differences in the 1940’s?
By this time, American psychologists abandoned their belief about inherent racial differences, and were arguing that differences were a result of prejudice and bias in America.
46
What was a common belief about women in the early foundation of psychology?
A belief that that women were inherently inferior to men. Women were seen as fragile creature for whom difficult physical or mental efforts could compromise their health.
47
Why were women not given the right to vote for nearly 150 years?
There was a fear that they would decide on political candidates based on emotion and not reason.
48
Who was thought to be the first to study sex differences?
Helen Thompson (Woolley)
49
What did Thompson’s dissertation conclude?
That men were better than most at tests of motor ability, but not all. She found that women did better at coordination tasks, had better memory performance, and demonstrated more acute senses.
50
True or False: Thompson’s research on sex differences was widely accepted by her male counterparts.
False
51
What did Leta Hollingworth’s dissertation on effects of the menstrual cycle study?
The effects of the menstrual cycle on mental and motor performance.
52
What is Hollingworth’s variability hypothesis?
It stated that men were different than women, whereas men would differ enormously in their talents and defects.
53
What is segregation?
Refers to the restriction of opportunities for different types of associations between the members of one racial, religious, national or geographical origin, or linguistic group and those of other groups, which results from or is supported by the action of any official body or agency representing some branch of government.
54
What conclusions were made in the report that was presented at the White House Conference on Children and Youth?
They found that children of the minority group knew they were being segregated from the majority group, and hence had feelings of humiliation and inferiority. They also found that minority children would act delinquent, anti-social, passive, and/or submissive due to the fact that they were segregated from the majority group. Basically, all minority children were affected by ways of segregation.
55
What does segregation do?
It imposes upon individuals a distorted sense of reality. It leads to blockage in communication and interaction between the minority and majority group. It perpetuate rigid stereotypes ad reinforces negative attitudes toward members of the other group.
56
True or False: hypersensitivity and anxiety displayed by many minority group children about their relations with the larger society probably reflects their awareness of status differences.
True
57
What is one problem that arises when evaluating the possible consequences of desegregation?
Determining whether segregation prevents or stimulates interracial tension and conflict.
58
What does desegregation presumed to promote?
Leads to the emergence of more favorable attitudes and friendlier relations between races.
59
What was the first time that psychological research was used in a Supreme Court decision?
During the Brown vs Board of Education case.
60
True or False: The SPSSI was involved in the court hearings and testimony of Brown vs. Board of Education.
True
61
What was the decision in the Brown vs. Board of Education cases?
That segregation was illegal and harmful to students in school.
62
What is Kenneth B. Clark’s contribution to psychology?
His psychological research was cited in the Brown vs. Board of Education case in 1954.
63
What were Clark and his wife, Mamie Phipps Clark, famous for?
They were popular because of their “doll studies”
64
True or False: As an African-America, Kenneth B. Clark was a prominent symbol of racial progress in the United States during the 1950’s.
True
65
What was the key message in Clark’s Prejudice and Your Child?
The key message was that social scientists knew that children learn prejudice in the course of observing ad being influenced by the existence of patterns in the culture in which they live.
66
According to Clark, what did the “normal American climate” provide?
It only provided an attitude that stereotypes individuals of a different race instead of an opportunity to learn new attitudes.
67
What is “maternal instinct?”
The all-consuming desire of women for parenthood, regardless of personal pain, sacrifice, and disadvantage.
68
According to Hollingworth, what are 3 main facts in regards to rearing and bearing children
1) bearing and rearing children is necessary for tribal and natural existence.
2) bearing and rearing of children is painful, dangerous to life, and involves years of self-sacrifice.
3) no verifiable evidence that shows that maternal instinct exists in all women of all-consuming strength.
69
According to Ross, there are factors that have control over women in relation to bearing and rearing children. What are they?
```
Public opinion
Law
Belief
Social suggestion
Education
Personal ideals
Art
Personality
Enlightenment
Illusion
Social valuation
```
70
During the time of Hollingworth, who was still in charge of magazines and newspapers that there writing about the birth rate and women rearing children?
Men were still in charge of this while only a few women were involved.
71
True or False: Women were getting congratulated for having nine or more children during this time period.
True
72
Which factor has exhibited the most control over women?
The law
73
True or False: The laws made around child-bearing kept women from owning property, and thus, made women a possessionless class.
True
74
What two law provisions made it clear that the role of women was to keep up the birth rate?
Provision whereby sterility of a wife may cause a divorce.
Provision that forbids the communication of the data of science in the matter of means of birth control. Basically, it was not appropriate to research ways to promote birth control.
75
True or False: During this time, Orthodox women did not believe that family limitation was a sin and punishable.
False
76
How did the factor of belief play a role in bearing and rearing children?
The idea of belief came from a religious background in which women were to help multiply and replenish the Earth based on God’s teachings.
77
How did the factor of education exhibit control over women?
Up until the end of the 19th century, women’s education had been limited.
Many educational environments for women and girls promoted them to think that they wanted to be a mother and wife in the future.
While men and boys were taught about freedom and liberty of development, women and girls were taught to think about being mothers a creating a family.
78
True or False: In pursing the mother-child theme in art one would not be led to suspect that society finds if necessary to make laws against contraception, infanticide, abortion, and infant desertion.
True
79
How has the factor of illusion played a role in exhibiting control over women in regard to bearing children?
It is effective to create an illusion that bearing children is not a painful, risky, and dangerous process.
In fact, during that time period talking about the process of birth was taboo.
This is how there were able to exhibit control over women with using illusion.
80
Which college was founded in 1865 and offered a full four-year collegiate education for women?
Vassar College
81
What is the republican motherhood notion?
Better educated women would be better wives and mothers and raise better sons for the republic.
82
True or False: According to Elizabeth Scarborough and Laurel Furomoto, the admissions of women to graduate programs in psychology was an advantage for the discipline.
True
83
Which women were not awarded a formal degree after pursing a formal education in psychology?
Mary Whiton Calkins and Lillien Jane Martin
84
How were women able to be admitted into the professional ranks of psychology without a formal doctoral degree?
Through membership in the APA
85
What did Helen Bradford Thompson do?
She was the first female psychologist to undertake an extensive and systematic experimental examination of the psychological characteristics of the sexes
86
What did Mary Whiton Calkins challenge in Jastrow’s research about sex differences?
She found that women did not lack originality when producing a list of 100 words when compared to their male peers.
87
What did Thompson conclude in her research?
Psychological differences in sex were not due to average capacity, but due to differences in the social influences brought to bear the developing individual from early infancy to adult years.
88
True or False: G. Stanly Hall believed that schooling between women and men should be segregated.
True
89
True or False: Edward Clarke believed that higher education for women would jeopardize their reproductive capacity and threaten the future of the species.
True
90
What did psychologist Kate Gordon believe?
She believed in the social and educational equality of men and women.
91
Why were women in college not getting married?
Many were still in their early 20’s and many had higher standards for a marriage partner.
92
What was difference between women who were in professional rank and women men with professional rank?
Women with professional rank were typically single and were predominantly working in women’s colleges. Their male peers were able to be married and take jobs in all aspects of the field of psychology.
93
What is the purpose of Robertson’s article on Depathologizing homosexuality?
To give an overview of the circumstances leading to the APA decision to remove homosexuality as a disorder from the DSM, and the effect it has had on the helping professions and beyond.
94
Briefly, what impact has the APA had in Depathologizing homosexuality?
By removing homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses, the APA has had a leadership role, leading to the reassessment of sexual orientation in psychology, biology, law, sociology, religion, and politics, broadening ethical standards and therapeutic approaches
95
When was homosexuality removed from the DSM?
The APA made a decision in 1973 to pass a resolution removing homosexual behavior from the DSM-III
96
What is “egodystonic” homosexuality?
When the APA removed homosexuality in DSM III, this category was developed to incorporate “homosexuals who are disturbed by, in conflict with, or wish to change their sexual orientation”
97
How has homosexuality been historically referred to in the DSM?
Homosexuality was listed under “psychopathic personality with pathological sexuality” in DSM 1, “sociopathic personality disturbance” in DSM II, removed by DSM III, and by DSM IV-TF there is no category specific to same-sex relationships at all
98
What is “homosexual panic?”
An “acute psychological crisis experienced by individuals who had sudden shifts in their perceptions of themselves from heterosexuals to homosexuals,” thought to cause suicidal tendencies, but this became obsolete in the research
99
What were the ramifications from the APA’s Depathologizing of homosexuality, beyond the helping professions?
It created a minority status for homosexuals, seeking to protect the civil liberties and directly condemned discrimination in businesses, organizations, government agencies, and legal entities based on sexual orientation. Most professional associations in the medical and mental health fields now adopt anti-discrimination statements
100
How did the research on homosexuality change after the APA’s 1973 decision?
Studies moved from homosexual participants primarily concentrated on those in therapy, hospitalized, or incarcerated, to participants who were “normally functioning individuals”
101
What is the Kinsey Scale?
Based on Alfred Kinsey’s 1948 study on individual sexual behavior, fantasies, and beliefs, the Kinsey Scale placed heterosexuality and homosexuality on a continuum (shifting the conceptualization of homosexuality as deviant)
102
What are the 3 conclusions drawn by Hooker’s 1958 study?
Homosexuality as a clinical entity does not exist (its forms are as varied as heterosexuality)
Homosexuality may be a deviation in the sexual pattern that is within the normal range psychologically
The role of particular forms of sexual desire and expression in personality and development may be less important than has frequently been assumed
103
What event prompted the gay liberation movement?
The 1969 police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City, prompting civil unrest. Gay activists called for the deletion of homosexuality form the APA’s list of mental disorders (it passed with 58% approval)
104
At the time of Robertson’s article (2004), how was homosexuality presented in the research?
There were still only a minuscule number of articles, proving that heterosexist bias still existed in research and scholarly literature. This infers that many counselors, therapists, and researchers were not actively participating in the acquisition of relevant knowledge and skills.
105
In 2004, what were some relevant challenges for same sex couples?
Discrimination adding additional stress, adoption challenges, issues around legal guardianship, social stigma as “unfit parents,” and lack of same-sex couples as friends and role models (leading to isolation). Conversion therapies still exist (unfortunately), and not all professional organizations have anti-discrimination policies in place.
106
True or False: American psychology’s definition had changed from consciousness to behavior and it remained there until the 1960’s.
True
107
What constructs do Cognitive psychology include today?
```
Sensation
Perception
Attention
Learning
Memory
Thinking
Problem solving
Language emotion
Dreaming
```
108
True or False: Cognitive psychology did not remain a mainstay of psychology in Canada and the UK throughout the period of behaviorism’s dominance.
False; behaviorism did not have a very great impact beyond America’s borders
109
Why did Gestalt psychology form?
It formed in opposition to the psychologies that were seen as atomistic. Gestalt was looking for the primary elements of consciousness.
110
When was the starting point Gestalt Psychology?
1912 in Germany, when Max Wertheimer published the “phi phenomenon” article, which was on apparent movement.
111
What is meant by “the whole is different from the sum of its parts?”
There is a quality of experience that is often independent of the collection of stimulus elements that make up that experience.
112
What is phenomenology?
People’s experience was to be studied exactly as it occurred, in meaningful wholes, and not broken down in an artificial analysis.
113
When was Gestalt first seen in the US?
1922; Koffka published an article in the Psychological Bulletin entitled, “Perception: An introduction to Gestalt-theorie.”
114
What was a common misconception in the US that came out of Koffka’s article?
That Gestalt was about perception. Rather, Gestalt extends its theory to learning, thinking, problem solving, and memory.
115
When did Gestalt psychology come to the US in person?
1930’s; Gestalt psychologists were fleeing Nazi Germany. Many of them were Jewish and would have died if they stayed in Germany.
116
How did Gestalt psychologists influence American psychology?
Provided a cognitive psychology in opposition to a dominant and often extreme behaviorism
117
When was the rebirth of cognitive psychology?
1960s
118
Why was there a rebirth of cognitive psychology?
Experimental psychologists were finding behaviorism incapable of explaining psychological functioning.
119
What were some dramatic changes that occurred in the 1950’s that helped alter the field of psychology?
The computer: it helped create the computer metaphor for cognitive processes. (I.e. models of input, output, storage, information processing and languages.)
120
Who was Neisser?
He said, “Cognitive processes surely exist, so it can hardly be unscientific to study them.”
121
What was one of the reasons cognitive psychology was successful?
It developed new methods to study mental processes
122
Experimental psychology is dominated by what approach today?
Cognitive-behaviorist; a blending of the objective science of behaviorism and the needs of a science of the mind.
123
What was the focus of the Wertheimer article?
It focuses on the notion wholes and the value of a scientific approach that is not reductionistic.
124
What is Wertheimer’s argument against reductionistic scientific approaches?
Reductionistic approaches have an artificial quality about them, and the result may be to miss the very essence of what one is trying to study.
125
What does Wertheimer’s more holistic approach aim to do?
Provide a richer, more meaningful psychology
126
What is considered a very influential book in the history of cognitive psychology?
Frederic Bartlett’s book, “Remembering: A Study of Experimental and Social Psychology.”
It was published in the 30s but didn’t become popular until the 60’s
127
What did Bartlett’s book introduce?
The concept of schema (cognitive frameworks that organize past experiences related to particular concepts)
128
True or False: The memory isn’t just about recalling exactly what happened, but rather, involves the operation of schema to choose what information is processed, how it is interpreted, how it is recalled, and how it is used.
True
129
According to Bartlett, what is constructive memory?
* Remembering things is a process of construction, rather than literal recall (reproductive).
* We construct memories based on our attitude towards a whole, active mass of organized past reactions or experiences.
130
What were the 4 points Mandler (He wrote Origins o the Cognitive Revolution) made about the events that surrounded the cognitive resurgence?
* Part of Watson’s program prevented the success of behaviorism and contributed to its replacement
* The term cognitive “revolution” is inaccurate; the change occurred slowly in different subfields over the span of 10-15 years
* Behaviorism was confined to the US. While behaviorism was reigning in the US, structuralist, cognitive, and functionalist psychologies were dominate in Germany, Great Britain, France, and Canada
* Behaviorism faded because of its failure to solve basic questions about human thought and action, and memory in particular.
131
True or False: The developments in European psychology did not become a part of the American mainstream psychology after the decline of behaviorism
False, it absolutely did.
132
What was the major advent in psychology in the early 1900’s in Germany?
Gestalt Psychology
133
What was the major psychological work that was occurring in France and Switzerland in the early 1900s?
Developmental psychology (Piaget’s work was central in developmental psych in the US); however, cognitive developmental psychology did not take off until after WWII.
134
Where did the most extensive cognitive developments occur during the early 1900’s?
Great Britain
135
Who were the two major contributors to the early stages of cognitive psychology in Great Britain?
F. C. Bartlett
| Kenneth Craik
136
Who helped influence cognitive psychology into the US after the behaviorist movement?
D. O. Hebb
137
When did the failure of behaviorism occur?
The late 1950’s
138
What was the message of George Katona’s book, “Organizing and Memorizing?”
Organization is a requirement for successful memorization and must be present in some form in all kinds of learning
139
What is the "Mental Traits of Sex" reading by Helen Thompson?
This is the first psychological research undertaken to answer questions about alleged differences between the sexes, by Helen Thompson. It is the introduction and conclusion from her book.
140
What was the goal of Helen Thompson's research?
To obtain a complete and systematic statement of the psychological similarities/differences of the sexes, using the experimental method.
141
Prior to Helen Thompson's research, what has been done?
Simply providing evidence that there are differences, studies on individual senses or intellectual process, experiments for the purpose of comparing the sexes with some other interest in mind, and experimental work on school children.
142
Helen Thompson argued that in order to be able to compare the sexes, certain pre-requisites must be met. What were they?
You must have individuals of both sexes who are the same age, with the same social status, who have been subjected to similar training and social surroundings.
143
Why are the pre-requisites, that Helen Thompson argued were necessary, actually not possible?
The social atmosphere of the sexes is different from early childhood to maturity.
144
Why were college undergraduate students in co-ed universities chosen as the most ideal participants for Helen Thompson's research?
They at least had similar training and surroundings in school, and most received preparatory education in a co-ed school.
145
Who were the participants in Helen Thompson's research?
50 junior, senior, and 1st year graduate students from the University of Chicago students from the introductory to psychology and ethics courses (25 men and 25 women).
146
Helen Thompson's experiments fell into which seven groups?
Motor ability, skin and muscle senses, taste and smell, hearing, vision, intellectual faculties, and affective processes.
147
What were the overall results of Helen Thompson's motor ability tests?
Motor ability is better developed in men than in women, likely due to greater muscular strength of men.
148
In Helen Thompson's motor tests, which motor ability did women excel in?
The ability to coordinate movements rapidly to unforeseen stimuli.
149
What were Helen Thompson's conclusions regarding threshold differences in men and women?
- Women have lower thresholds in recognition of sweet, salt, sour, and bitter taste; in smell; in color; and in pain through pressure.
- Men and women are alike in upper and lower limits of pitch.
- Men have a lower threshold in the perception of light.
150
What were Helen Thompson's conclusions regarding discriminative sensibility?
- Women have finer discrimination in pitch and color
- Men and women have equal discrimination in temperature, in odor, and in passive pressure
- Men have finer discrimination in lifted weights; in sweet, sour, and bitter taste; in shades of gray; probably in areas on the skin; and in visual areas
151
True or False: the number of cases where women had the advantage outnumbered the number of cases where men had the advantage in Helen Thompson's research.
True. However, the thresholds were on the whole lower in women, and discriminative sensibility is on the whole better in men. However, all of these differences are slight.
152
In Helen Thompson's Research, are there differences in general information and intellectual interest differences between men and women?
No
153
In Helen Thompson's Research, who is superior in memory?
Women.They may also be more rapid in associative thinking.
154
In Helen Thompson's Research, who is more superior in ingenuity?
Men
155
In Helen Thompson's Research, who is superior in memory?
Neither -- there is little, if any difference. Men may be more socially conscious, and women may be more religiously conscious.
156
Though Helen Thompson's research could be used to support many other theories about sex differences, why does she exercise caution?
There are many other interpretations that could provide the same result.
157
What does Helen Thompson say about environmental influence?
It is extremely important. Different toys are given, different games, codes of conduct, etc. The question is not whether these differences are good or bad, but whether or not they exist, and what effect they have on the individuals.
158
What is the conclusion of Helen Thompson's research?
Psychological differences are not due to difference of average capacity or type of mental activity, but to differences in the social influences brought to bear on the developing individual from childhood - adulthood. It is NOT inborn psychological characteristics.
