exam 3 Flashcards by Alissa Zobrist

4 main pathways in energy metabolism

glycolysis
pyruvate–>acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle)
electron transport chain

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Glycolysis occurs occurs in the ___ of the cell

cytoplasm

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what needs to be present for pyruvate to enter Kreb’s cycle

CoA

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produced when oxygen is not present with pyruvate

lactic acid

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produced when pyruvate IS IN PRESENCE of oxygen

acetyl CoA

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pyruvate joins with CoA

Krebs Cycle

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after glycolysis, where does the next step occur?

mitochondria

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what part of the cell produces the most ATP?

electron transport chain

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what forms citric acid?

2-C acetyl CoA joins with 4-C axaloacetate

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last step in energy production

electron transport chain

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what is produced from 1 molecule of glucose?

36-38 ATP molecules

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waste products of metabolism

CO2, H20, heat

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what is the “Cori cycle?”

pyruvate forms lactic acid when oxygen is not available

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what form of energy does NADH and FADH2 transport?

high energy hydrogen electrons

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where is the energy from high energy hydrogen electrons transported?

to the electron transport chain

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how is energy produced by triglycerides?

beta-oxidation

split into glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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process by which fatty acid chains are “clipped” by 2 C at a time

beta-oxidation

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a fatty acid can produce ___ ATP than carbs and proteins

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substance necessary to carry fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy metabolism

carnitine

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without carbs, what does acetyl CoA form?

ketones

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process through which energy is made from protein

deamination

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gluconeogenesis

making new glucose

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glycogenesis

making glycogen

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glycogenolysis

removing glucose from glycogen stores

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lypogenesis

making lipids

result of burning fat for energy when carbs are not available

buildup of toxic ketones in body

hours of fuel available from carbohydrates during fasting

when a person in is negative energy balance

anorexia nervosa, illness, preferred weight loss

when a person is in positive energy balance

infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, overweight

kcals in pound of adipose tissue

3500

hypertrophic growth of fat cells

increase in size (up to 20x)

hyperplastic growth of fat cells

increase in number when cells are full

subcutaneous adipose tissue

found under skin, mostly in the thighs, hips, and buttocks

hypothalamus

part of brain that controls hunger and satiety

ways that make the body respond to hunger or satiety

gastric distention GI hormones stress and other emotions circulating nutrient levels (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)

TEE

total energy expenditures | of all the energy we take in, where is it used?

components of TEE

basal metabolism*** most used physical activity-->only one we have control of thermic effect of food (TEF)

BMI for underweight, normal, overweight, obese

underweight: 30

criticisms of using BMI

- doesn't consider muscle - doesn't show all aspects of health - doesn't show fat distribution - hydration level changes weight

% of U.S. adults considered to be obese

hunger

physiological drive to consume food

satiety

satiety physiological response to having eaten enough; feel

visceral adipose tissue

found between internal organs in abdomen

energy nutrients used to make energy

proteins, fats, carbs

metabolic fuel

glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

Catabolic

Catabolic pathway that releases energy through the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones

what does the citric acid cycle end with

oxaloacetate

proteolysis is the break down of

proteins

what is the second step of proteolysis

transamination and deamination

what is the second step of glycogenolysis

glycolysis

what is the second step of lipolysis

beta-oxidation

lipolysis is the break down of

fats

what starts the citric acid cycle

Acetyl CoA

When glucose occurs in the liver and pyruvate has to form lactate due to limited (or no) oxygen

Cori Cycle

Anabolic pathway and when we make new glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol and amino acids

Gluconeogenesis

Amphibolic

anabolic and catabolic can use both these pathways

When is the most ATP made

lipolysis

36-38 ATP is made when

glycogenolysis

When does Metabolism happen

all of the time

When there is inadequate amount of glucose in your body

ketotones

What is positive energy balance

when you gain weight

What is negative energy balance

when you lose weight

What is the most dangerous Adipose Tissue

Visceral

What is Transamination

Transfer of amino group

Deamination

Using amino acid as energy to get out

how it cellular metabolism regulated

by hormones

whats the first priority of fasting

provide glucose for red blood cells, brain and central nervous system

whats the second priority of fasting

maintain muscle mass

resting energy expenditure (REE)

resting metabolism is expressed over a 24-hour day