Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

Intersectionality

Answer 1

• Intersectionality holds that the classical conceptualizations of oppression within society, such as racism, sexism, classism, ableism, biphobia, homophobia, transphobia, and belief-based bigotry, do not act independently of one another. Instead, these forms of oppression interrelate, creating a system of oppression that reflects the "intersection" of multiple forms of discrimination.

Answer 2

* A focus on hybrid and diasporic identities * A dissolution of the close ties between territorial location and identity • A global South exists within and across former colonial powers • Colonialism perceived as more complex in nature and scope

Answer 3

Subaltern studies changed the perspective to how history and contemporary life looked from a subaltern’s (the poorest of the poor) perspective. • Subaltern studies began in India

Answer 4

• Edward Said’s works on Orientalism are highly influential • He considers the ways that the Middle East and Asia have been portrayed in Western novels, biographies and artworks • This cultural representation seemed to indicate a degraded society that was easy to control/conquer

Answer 5

The doctrine of ‘nihilism.’ The doctrine known as ‘Realism’ in IR theory e.g. E.H. Carr in his work on the Twenty Year Crisis – international morality is the morality of the Great Powers

Answer 6

Some actions intrinsically wrong. E.g. murder The proposition ‘murder is wrong’ is a logically necessary truth, like ‘2+2=4.’’ To concede that an action ‘X’ is an act of murder, whilst arguing that it is nonetheless one which ought to be performed (that it is ‘right’ or ‘ethically permissible’ to perform it) is to contradict oneself. Such actions ought never to be committed, no matter what the circumstances.

Answer 7

Needs-based humanitarianism central in international humanitarian law. • Traditional approaches to humanitarian action are needs based. The principle of impartiality is central, but stress is also put on neutrality and independence. * Example: The Red Cross * Relief of suffering

Answer 8

There are no actions which are absolutely right or wrong. Everything depends on the circumstances, especially the consequences of performing one action rather than another. How much ‘good’ does the action bring into the world? ‘The priority of the good over the right.’

Answer 9

Rights-based humanitarianism • This approach accepts that political engagement is both a proper and necessary part of humanitarian action. It tends to see coherence between humanitarianism and a range of other agendas including development and conflict reduction.

Answer 10

The term global citizenship or world citizenship typically defines a person who places their identity with a "global community" above their identity as a citizen of a particular nation or place. The idea is that one’s identity transcends geography or political borders and that the planetary human community is interdependent and whole; humankind is essentially one. • The idea is that one’s identity transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights are or can be derived from membership in a broader class: "humanity". This does not mean that such a person denounces or waives their nationality or other, more local identities, but such identities are given "second place" to their membership in a global community. The idea leads to questions about the state of global society in the age of globalization

Answer 11

* Glocalization is a term that describes the adaptation of international products around the particularities of a local culture in which they are sold. * Glocalization primarily encompasses how regional tendencies intersect with the proliferation of global corporations. * The worldwide spread of McDonald's restaurants is a commonly cited example of glocalization, especially since the restaurant's menu is often customized to suit local tastes. Regardless of industry, glocalization broadly involves the altering of an overarching brand or product so as to better appeal to customers within a specified country or region. This phenomenon is the relative inverse of Americanization and the suppressing of local preferences in favor of providing goods and media whose content has been dictated by foreign entities. Glocalization can also involve the use of culturally friendly media to encourage the acceptance of foreign products among a local audience

Answer 12

* Labor standards * Domestic labor laws protect workers from displacement through the hiring of child * Environmental, health and safety standards * If European citizenry want to apply a higher precautionary standard than other labor; should trade be allowed to contravene this norm? countries, should trade rules prevent them? * Regulatory spillovers * Should countries allow free trade in financial assets by default, even if these assets are poorly regulated by issuing jurisdictions (e.g., trade in CDOs) * Regulatory “takings” * Should foreign firms in the U.S. receive greater protection from domestic policy changes than domestic firms (as NAFTA and BITs may require)? * Currency “manipulation” * Does it make sense that WTO rules permit for undervalued currencies?

Answer 13

• Increasing globalization means nation-states are losing control in key policy areas. * We are seeing the `unbundling’ of the relationship between * Sovereignty * Territoriality * Political power * Thus, we need to consider moving toward some forms of transnational democracy.

Answer 14

* “Framing” * How the media casts an issue affects the sustentative judgments people make about the issue. * “Priming” * The priority the media gives to an issue affects the priority people give to the issue.

Answer 15

“We went into Somalia because of horrible television images; we will leave Somalia because of horrible television images.” * Marianne Means * “We had been drawn to this place by television images; now we were being repelled by them. The President immediately conducted a policy review that resulted in a plan for withdrawal over the next six months.” • Colin Powell

Answer 16

• Public opinion often doesn’t have a direct effect on foreign policy, but can make certain actions more or less likely. I.e. If the majority of the public doesn’t support an active American role in world affairs * Largely reactive * Misinformed due to lack of American knowledge about the world

Exam 3 Flashcards

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