Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Respiration
A
Entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells
2
Q
Ventilation
A
Breathing, moving of air in and out of the lungs
3
Q
Inhalation
A
Movement of air into the lungs
4
Q
Exhalation
A
Movement of air out of the lungs
5
Q
External respiration
A
Exchange of gases between air and the alveoli/ lung and the blood
6
Q
Internal respiration
A
Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells
7
Q
Cellular respiration
A
Produces energy used by the body cells from glucose and oxygen and creates CO2 as a waste product
8
Q
What parts make up the upper respiratory system?
A
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
9
Q
What parts make up the lower respiratory system?
A
Trachea
Lungs
-left and right bronchus
Diaphragm
10
Q
What is the nasal cavity made up of?
A
Conchae
Septum
Nostril
Nasal meatuses
11
Q
Conchae
A
Ridges on the side of your nose
12
Q
Septum
A
Cartilage between nostrils
13
Q
Nostril
A
Opening
14
Q
Nasal meatus
A
Grooves between the conchae
15
Q
What are the functions of the nose/ nAsil cavity
A
- warms and moistens the air
- has hair to filter large particles
- mucous membrane produces mucus to trap small particles and potential pathogens
- olfactory receptors for smell
16
Q
What are the sinuses
A
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary
17
Q
What is the function of our sinuses
A
- Produce mucus
- reduces weight of the skull
- serves as a resonant chamber that affects the voice
18
Q
Oral cavity and pharynx
A
Both are air passages in the respiratory system and both are food path ways in the digestive system
19
Q
Nasopharynx
A
Part of the throat associated with nasal cavity
20
Q
Oropharynx
A
Near the palatine tonsil
21
Q
Laryngopharynx
A
In the throat
22
Q
Rhinitis
A
Homeostatic imbalance of upper respiratory system aka cold
23
Q
Larynx
A
Attaches to the hyoid bone, opens into the laryngopharynx, continues with the trachea
24
Q
What Are the functions of the larynx
A
- provides patent airway
- routes air and food into proper channels
- voice production
- houses the vocal folds
25
What structure closes off the larynx when you swallow so food and liquid do not go into the respiratory track?
Epiglottis
26
Where are the vocal chords located?
At the opening of the larynx
27
Vocal folds
- True vocal chords
| - Fold vibrate produce sound as air rushes up from the Longs.
28
Glottis
Opening between the vocal folds
29
What kind of tissue is vocal folds made of?
Made of elastin tissue
30
Vestibular folds
- superior to the vocal folds
- no part in sound production
- help to close Gladys during swallowing
31
What kind of tissue are vestibular folds made from?
Smooth muscle
32
What is an example of how the vocal folds act as a sphincter to prevent air passage?
Valsalva maneuver – the glottis closes to prevent exhalation, the abdominal muscles contract, intra-abdominal pressure rises, helps to empty rectum or stabilize his truck during heavy lifting.
33
Trachea
Runs from the lawyer next to mid sternum
- length= 12.5 cm
- diameter = 2.5 cm
34
Mucosa
Innermost layer of the trachea, made of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells that produce mucus
35
What structures are needed to prevent the trachea from collapsing?
– 20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
– Trachealis
– Corina
36
Trachealis
Smooth muscle to expel mucus
37
Corina
Complete ring of hyaline Cartlidge that connects the trachea to the right and left bronchi
38
Why are the rings of hyaline cartilage shaped like "c"
So that there is room for expansion if the food going down is larger than the opening
39
Respiratory zone
Site of gas exchange – microscopic structures equal respiratory Bronchioles, alveolar ducks, Alveoli
40
Conducting zone
Conduits to gas exchange
- includes all other respiratory structures
- cleans warms and humidifies air
41
Diaphragm and other respiratory muscles
Promote ventilation
42
Tracheostomy
And external opening into the trachea anywhere above the larynx.
43
When is a tracheostomy used?
– Severe anaphylactic shock
– when there is an obstruction in the pharynx/lyrics that blocks the airway. The temporary Extertal opening created allows air flow into the lungs.
44
Explain the left and right lung and regards to the bronchial tree. (Lobes)
```
Right lung – has three lobes
-superior lobe of the right lung
-middle lobe of the right lung
-inferior lobe of the right lung
Left lung – has two lobes
-superior lobe of the left lung
-Inferior lobe of the left lung
```
45
What are the terms of the bronchial tubes through the lungs?
- Intralobular bronchi
- Terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar duct which contains the Alveolar sack which contains the Alveoli
46
Alveoli
Primary gas exchange
47
Respiratory membrane
Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membrane
- gas exchange across the membrane by simple diffusion with oxygen and carbon dioxide
48
Alveolar walls
Contain scattered cuboidal cells which secrete surfactant and antimicrobial protein to keep the Avenue your sacks open
49
What happens if you have an insufficient amount of surfactant
– Detergent produced by alveolar cells in the wall.
| – reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse
50
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Insufficient quantity of surfactant in premature infants. Alveoli collapse after each breath
51
Pleurae
Then double layered serosa
| Devise the thoracis cavity into plural compartments and mediastinum
52
Parietal pleura
On the thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, between lungs
53
Visceral pleura
On external lung service
54
Pleural cavity
Provides lubrication and surface tension, assist in expansion and recoil
55
Lungs
Soft, spongy, cone shaped organ in the thoracic cavity.
| -suspended from the primary bronchi, pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
56
What is the function of the lung
Houses the bronchial tree and the blood vessels, lymphatic system, and nervous system
57
How many loads are in the right lung?
Three
58
How many loads are in the left lung?
Two
59
What is the hilum of the lung
The root of the lung where the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein enter the lung
60
What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration and expiration
61
What are inspiration and expiration depend on
The diaphragm
62
Inspiration
Gas is flow into the lungs
| -The volume will increase in the Longs and the pressure will decrease so the air will move into the lungs
63
Expiration
Gases exit the lungs
64
Boyles law
Pressure is dependent on volume – they are inversely proportional
65
What are the steps and inspiration
1. Inspiratory muscles contract – the diaphragm descendants and the rib cage rises.
2. Thoracic cavity volume increases
3. Longs are stretched and intra-pulmonary volume increases
4. Andra pulmonary pressure drops
5. Gas is flow into the lungs down and pressure gradient until it equal liberates with ospheric pressure.
66
What are the steps and expiration?
1. Inspiratory muscles relax – diaphragm rises rib cage descends due to recoil of coastal Cartlidge
2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases
3. Elastic lungs recoil passably, enter a pulmonary volume decreases
4. Intrapulmonary volume rises
5. Gas is flow out of the lungs down it's pressure gradient until it reaches its equilibrium
67
What is taking a deep breath depend on?
1. Use of pectoral muscle
| 2. Compliance threshold
68
Compliance threshold
The ease with which the Longs can expand
- compliance is high when the pressure in the lungs is low at the beginning of inspiration
- compliance is low when the pressure and the long is high at the end of inspiration and beginning of expiration
69
When is compliance high
At the beginning of inspiration, emphysema
70
When is compliance low
At the end of inspiration and the beginning of expiration, when there are obstructions in the airway, asthma, bronchitis
71
Tidal volume
500 ML
| -normal ventilation
72
Inspiratory reserve volume
3100ml
| -maximum volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to tidal volume
73
Expiratory reserve volume
1200ml
| - maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in addition to tidal volume.
74
Residual volume
1200 ml
| -volume of air that remains in the longs at all time
75
Inspiratory capacity
3600ml
| -maximum volume of air that can be in hailed, following exhalation of title volume
76
Functional residual capacity
2400 ml
| -volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting volume
77
Vital capacity
4800 ml
| -maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking deepest breath possible.
78
Total long capacity
6000 ml in adult male
| -total volume of air that can be held by the lungs
79
Formula for vital capacity
VC= IRV+TV+ERV
80
Formula for total long capacity
TLC= VC+RV
81
Spirometer
Instrument for measuring respiratory volume and capacity.
Can't distinguish between obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive disorders
82
Obstructive pulmonary disease
Obstruction in the airway, increased airway resistance, example – bronchitis
83
Restrictive disorders
Reduced total long capacity due to disease or fibrosis – restrictions in the bronchi
84
Minute ventilation
The amount of new air moved into the respiratory passage each minute
85
What is the average breathing rate for an adult
12 breaths a minute
86
What is the average an MRV for an adult
6000 ML a minute
87
MRV
=TVxBreathing rate = 500mlx 12
88
What condition can be determined by calculating MRV
Hyperventilation equals MRV of 10 L/ min
| Average I'd 6 L/min
89
Dead space
Anatomical that space, alveolar dead space
90
Anatomical dead space
In the larynx and trachea
- no contribution to gas exchange, air remaining in the passageways, does not affect overall ventilation
- ~150ml
91
Alveolar dead space
Nonfunctional alveoli
| -due to collapse or obstruction, it raises residual volume, does affect title volume
92
Total dead space
Some of anatomical and alveolar dead space.
| - only applies to people who have a pulmonary disorder
93
Is the MRV and effective tool to measure ventilation?
No
94
Non-respiratory movements
Our air movement created by methods not associated with ventilation
95
Examples of non-respiratory air movement
Yawning, burping, sneezing, coughing, speech, Valsalva maneuver
96
Control of respiration
Involves higher brain centers – the Medulla oblongata
| Chemo receptors and other reflexes.
97
Respiratory centers
Control centers – ventral respiratory group, dorsal respiratory group
98
Ventral respiratory group
Dictate breathing rate
-is the rhythm – generation center
-12/15 breaths per minute
Uses inspiratory neurons to excite the inspiratory muscles(diaphragm)
* stimulated by phrenic nerve
*intercostal muscle - stimulated by intercoastal Nerf
- use expiratory neurons to inhibit inspiratory neurons
99
Dorsal respiratory group
Tells ventral respiratory group to either increase or decrease breathing rate based on information sent from the chemo receptors and peripheral stretch receptors
100
Pontine. Respiratory center
Modifies breathing during speech, exercise, sleep
101
Henry's law
The partial pressure of a gas dissolved in a liquid equals the partial pressure of the gas in the air with which the liquid has equaliberated
102
What is atmospheric pressure
760 mm Hg
103
What is the percent of oxygen
20%
104
What is the formula for Henry's law
Partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere =20% of 760=
105
What are the two types of digestion?
Mechanical and chemical
106
Mechanical digestion
Breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller ones without altering their chemical composition
107
What is an example of mechanical digestion?
Mastication
108
Chemical digestion
Breakdown of food particles into smaller chemicals using enzymes
109
Amalase
Insalata – breaks down starch to sugar
110
Lipase
In the small intestines – breaks down lipids to fatty acid's and Glyceral
111
HCL and Pepsin
In the stomach – breaks down proteins to amino acids
112
What organs make up the alimentary canal
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
113
What organs are a sensory organs in the digestive system?
Salivary gland's, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
114
What are the layers of the alimentary canal and order from inside out?
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscular layer
4. Serosa
115
Mucosa
Protection, secretion, absorption
116
Submucosa
Nurses surrounding tissues, transports absorb materials, location of receptors
117
Muscular layer
Location of receptors, movements of the tube and its contents.
118
Serosa
Protection and lubrication
119
What are the two types of movement within the elementary canal?
- Peristalsis
| - segmentation
120
Peristalsis
Rhythmic wave of smooth muscle contraction of longitudinal muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal to propel contents ford
121
Segmentation
Created by alternating contraction and relaxation of circular muscles of the alimentary canal to mix intestinal contents
122
What is the function of segmentation?which muscle group is used
To mix all the contents,Circular muscle
123
What is the function of Peristalsis what muscle group is important?
To move the food forward , longitudinal muscle
124
What receptors are needed for the movement of food?
There are two receptors
1) Mechanoreceptors
2) chemoreceptors
125
Mechanoreceptors
Located in the muscle layer and a tech stretching of the alimentary canal
126
Chemoreceptors
Located in the submucosa and a tech change in pH and osmolatity
127
What are the control centers for the movement of food?
There are two control centers
1) The gut brain
2) The central nervous system
128
The gut brain
Enteric plexus of nerves that serve as a control center for short reflexes
129
-myenteric plexus
located in the muscle layer of the alimentary canal – promotes Paris stylus and segmentation
130
Submucosal plexus
Located in the submucosa, promote secretion of enzymes
131
Central nervous system
K'NEX to the elementary canal be of the Vegas nerve – parasympathetic dash to control a long reflexes
Vagus nerve sends acetylcholine to promote movement
Sympathetic nervous system uses epinephrine to inhibit movement
132
What are the effectors
All of the organs and the alimentary canal
133
What is the difference in a short and a long reflex
A short reflects does not travel through the central nervous system whereas a long reflex must
134
Mouth
Receives food and begins digestion through the process of mastication (chewing) with teeth and then mixes food with saliva which breaks down starches. Also has a role in speech and sensory reception
135
Salivary gland
Produce most. Saliva, lie outside the oral cavity
136
What are a few of the major salivary gland
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
137
Functions of saliva
Cleanse your mouth, dissolves food chemicals for taste, moistens food and compacts into bolus, begins breakdown of starch with amylase
138
How much saliva is produced
1500 mL/day
139
Where is the parotid gland located
A large gland located in your cheek near your ear
140
Where is the submandibular gland located
At the bottom of your chin at the base of your neck
141
Where is the sublingual gland located
At the base of your tongue, houses the submandibular duct
142
What is a bolus?
A mass of already chewed food, becomes a bolus at the point of swallowing.
143
How is a bolus swallowed?
There are three parts to the swallowing process
1) Buccal Phase
2) pharyngeal esophageal phase part A
3) pharyngeal esophageal phase part B
144
Buccal phase of swallowing
Voluntary movement – food converted into bolus, tongue moves bolus against hard palate which pushes food into the oropharynx.
145
Pharyngeal – esophageal phase part a
Involuntary movement – Medela oblongata control the soft palate, uvula, and tongue to prevent food from coming up the nasopharynx. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing the food to enter the esophagus and the epiglottis moves down to cover the larynx.
146
Pharyngeal – esophageal phase of swallowing part B
Involuntary movement – the constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract forcing food into the esophagus. The upper esophageal sphincter contracts and closes after food enters ending swallowing.
147
Where does the bolus travel after the swelling process has ended?
After swallowing, food is transported through the esophagus. Pissed off I guess fits through the esophageal hiatus and the diaphragm.
148
What are Ruege
They are folds Hughes to Discenza stomach when Bolis comes in and has smooth muscle for mechanical digestion
149
What are the four parts of the stomach and where are they located?
1. Cardia – inferior to the Gastro esophageal sphincter
2. Fundus-The top portion of the stomach
3. Body – the main part of the stomach
4. Pylorus – the ending portion of the stomach, leads up to the pyloric sphincter
150
What do you think is happening to a patient with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
Increase in tissue within the pyloric canal
151
Lesser omentum
Extension of the peritoneum that attaches to the liver into the stomach. Posterior side
152
Greater Omentum
Extension of the peritoneum passing from the stomach to the transverse colon, hanging like an apron in front of the intestines
153
Mesentery
Extension of the peritoneum from the posterior wall and attaches to the intestinal track. Attaches and holds intestine in place
154
What are the major components of gastric juice?
1. HCl
2. Pepsinogen
3. Pepsin
4. Mucus
5. Hormones
6. Intrinsic factor
155
HCL
Secreted by the parietal cells and the gastric glands
156
Pepsinogen
Secreted by chief cells, precursor to the protease Pepsin
157
Pepsin
The comes activated when pepsinogen is mixed with HCl, this enzyme breaks down proteins for chemical digestion
158
Mucus
Alkaline substance secreted from mucus next cells to coat the inside of the stomach to protect the stomach lining from HCl
159
Hormones
Secreted by endocrine cells
- stomatostatin-inhibits secretion of juice
- gastric- activates secretion of juice
160
Intrinsic factor
Secreted by the parietal cells and is needed for vitamin b12 absorption
161
What causes ulcers?
Too much acidity in the stomach
162
Regulation of Gastric secretion
- Gastric mucosal – up to 3 L of gastric juice per day
- neural and hormonal mechanisms
- vagus nerve stimulation - secretion increases of gastric juice-parasympathetic – increases parastolsis
- sympathetic stimulation – secretion decreases
163
Chyme
Bolus that has gone through the stomach, becomes chyme once it enters the small intestine.
164
Enterogastric Reflex
The rate at which the stomach empties its contents into the small intestine is dependent on the fluidity of time and the type of food
165
What are the steps of enterogastric reflex
1) chyme enters the small intestine
2) volume of chyme depends of the intestinal wall and activates the stretch receptors
3) reflex is initiated and signal sent to the CNS
4) vagus nerve is inhibited from stimulating stomach wall
5) peristalsis of the stomach is slowed and intestinal filling is diminished
166
How long does chyme stay in the stomach?
4-5 hours on average
167
What is the largest internal organ
Liver
168
What causes Nassau/ vomiting
Stimulus – drugs, toxins, changes in body position/motions, emotional and stimulating of the back of the pharynx
169
Where is the liver located?how is it attached?
In the upper right quadrant of the Abdominal cavity. The coronary ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm on its superior surface
170
What is a hepatic lobule
The hexagon shaped cell that makes up the liver
171
What is the role of the portal Triad?
Composed of the bile duct, portal venule, portal arterial it supplies nutrients to other areas.
172
Bile duct
Receives bile that is produced from the hepatic cells using bile canaliculi
173
Portal venule
Supplies nutrients to the hepatic lobe Eules from the attic portal vein
174
Portal arterial
Supplies oxygen- hepatic artery
175
What are the major functions of the liver
Carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, storage, blood filtering, detoxification, secretion
176
Capillaries
Sinusoids- contain fenestrations and clefts that allow for movement of cells and proteins in and out of the hepatic lobule
177
Where is bile produced
In the liver
178
What does bile contain
Water, electrolytes, cholesterol, bile salts, bile pigments
179
Bile salts
Help with making a lipid soluble in water. By forming an emulsion
180
Emulsion
Bring fat into water so that fat can be digested
181
Bile pigments
Can indicate the presence of disease
182
Gallstones
Consist of cholesterol, bilirubin, and calcium when in excess
183
What is jaundice and what our causes of jaundice?
Bile pigments in skin and eyes, this means it is not excreted properly through the do addendum which causes the jaundice-liver is not functioning properly
184
What are the functions of the gallbladder
- Store bile between meals
- concentrates filed by reabsorbing water
- contracts to release bile into the small intestine
185
Where is bile stored
In the gallbladder
186
What are the functions of the pancreas
There are both endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas
187
Endocrine functions of the pancreas
Pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon
188
Exocrine functions of the pancreas
- acini secrete pancreatic juice to duodenum via the main pancreatic duct.
- duck cells secrete bio carbonate ions when pancreatic juice is released
189
Biocarbonate ions
Made by a different cell but appear as a part of the pancreatic juice
190
What are the components of pancreatic juice
Enzymes for chemical digestion and bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme
191
What enzymes are in pancreatic juice and what do they act on
Amylase – carbs
Lipase – lipids
Protease – proteins
192
How is the pancreas regulated
Via the parasympathetic nervous system – signal the pancreas to release pancreatic juice during the cephalic and gastric phase occurring in the stomach and duodenum
193
CCK
Induces secretion of enzyme rich pancreatic juice by acini
194
Secretin
Causes secretion of bio carbonate Rich pancreatic juice by duct cells
195
Pancreatic juice regulation as part of bile secretion regulation
1. Chyme enters the duo denim causing the release of CCK and secretin.
2. CCK and secretin into the bloodstream
3. CCK causes gallbladder to contract and hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax. Bile enters the duodenum.
4. During cephalic and gastric phases, vagal nerve stimulates gallbladder to contract weakly.
4. CCK and secretin transported via the bloodstream stimulate liver to produce bile more rapidly
196
What are the three sections of the small intestine and order
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
197
What are the functions of the small intestine
1. Chemical digestion in duodenum
2. Chemical digestion and small intestine
3. Absorption
4. Transportation
198
Chemical digestion in the duodenum
Result of chyme mixing with bile and pancreatic juice
199
Chemical digestion
Occurs along small intestine has enzymes in bedded in the intestinal wall
200
Transportation ever made a waste to large intestine
3 to 10 hours to move by segmentation/peristalsis
201
What is absorption
The passage of nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine into the bloodstream or lymphatic system throughout the villi of the mucosa layer in the small intestine
202
What are some adaptations found in the small intestine the aid in the absorption by increasing surface area
Villi and Plicae
203
What are three primary nutrients absorbed by the small intestine and needed for cellular metabolism
Carbohydrates - sugar
Fats – fatty acids and glycerol
Proteins – amino acids
204
What are the three parts of the large intestine and order
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
205
What are the functions of the large intestine
1. Secretes mucus
2. Microbiota
3. Absorption
4. Transportation
5. Defecation
206
What does the secretion of mucus do in the large intestine
Protection against abrasive material, mucus acts as a binding agent for feces, and neutralizes acid
207
Microbiota
Your intestinal flora
208
Absorption in the large intestine
Of water, electrolytes and vitamins
209
Transportation and the large intestine
Of feces to the anus
210
Segmentation in large intestine
Hay strap contractions enhance water absorption
211
Mass Peristalsis in the large intestine
Entire content moves 2 to 3 times a day – regulated by a reflex called gastrocolic reflex
212
Gastrocolic reflex
The feeling of the stomach – causes movement in the: – using your enteric plexus to signal parasympathetic nervous system – short signal
213
Defecation
Bal movement regulated by reflex
214
Defecation reflex
1. Feces move into and descendent from rectum, stimulating stretch receptors there. The receptors transmit signals along a ferret fibers to spinal cord neurons
2. A spinal reflexes indicated in which parasympathetic motor fibers stimulate contraction of the rectum and sigmoid colon, and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter
3. If it is convenient to defecate voluntarily motor neurons are inhibited allowing External anal sphincter to relax so feces may pass
215
What are nutrients used for
Cellular metabolism
216
Anabolic
Reactions include cell structures and molecular synthesis
217
Catabolic reactions
Reactions include the process to make metabolic fuel therefore nutrients are stored energy which is measured in kilocalories
218
Macronutrients
Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
| Nutrients needed by the body in large quantities
219
Micronutrients
Vitamins, minerals
| Nutrients needed by the body in small quantities
220
Essential nutrients
Omega facts, certain amino acids
| Nutrients that human cells cannot synthesize
221
Metabolic rate
Total heat produced by chemical reactions and mechanical work a body
222
How is metabolic rate measured
Directly –calorimeter measures heat liberated into water chamber
Indirectly – rest borrow meter measures oxygen consumption – directly proportional to heat production
223
What is the unit of heat that nutritious use in measuring potential energy and food
One calorie equals 1 k calorie
224
What is basal metabolic rate
Reflects energy body needs to perform its most essential activities per hour. Measured during post absorb it to state and is influenced by body surface area, age, gender, body temperature, stress
225
What is energy balance
When energy intake and energy output is equal
226
What is positive energy balance
Energy input is greater than output – gain weight
227
What is negative energy output
Energy output is greater than and put Dash lose weight
228
What is BMI
Body mass index
| Weight in pounds X 705/height in inches squared
229
What is considered overweight on the BMI
A BMI of 25 to 30
230
What is considered obese by the BMI
A BMI greater than 30
231
Malnutrition
Poor nutrition that results from lack of essential nutrients or inability to utilize them
232
Marasmus
Caused by a lack of nutrients, results in extreme weight-loss where patients resent ball living skeleton's
233
Kwashiorkor
Protein starvation causes lack of plasma proteins, fluid accumulates in abdominal cavity
234
Anorexia and bulimia
Self induced starvation due to mental disease
235
How is your appetite regulated
Insulin, leptin, neuropeptide Y,ghrelin
236
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose by stimulating adipocyte to uptake glucose
237
Leptin
Secreted by adipocytes, travel to hypothalamus to suppress the release of neuropeptide y
238
Neuropeptide Y
Used to stimulate eating – works through cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion
239
Ghrelin
Secreted from stomach to stimulate neuropeptide Y
240
What is the postabsorptive state
After digestion and I'm sorption maintaining glucose levels
241
What organ needs glucose
The brain
Fats, proteins cannot pass the blood brain barrier
242
Glycogenolysis
Breaking down glycogen to release glucose in the blood
243
Gluconeogenesis
Conversion of proteins and lipids into glucose or cellular respiration intermediates
244
Fat cannibalism
Lipolysis-uses lipase to make Weiser all and fatty acid
245
Proteins
Must undergo the immunization removal of amines
| Remaining part is used to make either glucose/ acetyl
246
What is the body's preference and macro nutrients for energy production
1. Glucose
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
247
What happens during starvation
1. body will utilize fat/protein during starvation as a result of no glucose
2. Both proteins and lipids are converted into acetyl-CoA this gets converted into Keytones
3. keytones are produced in the liver but in excess move to blood
