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bioc 4331 Mine > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Defintion: Catabolism

A

-Breaks down food for energy and building blocks –Ex: Glycolysis

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2
Q

Definition: Anabolism

A
  • Uses energy and building block to make the molecules we need
  • Ex: Photosynthesis
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3
Q

What five key compounds are involved in metabolism?

A

i) Glucose
ii) Acetate
iii) Acetyl CoA
iv) Pyruvate
v) Oxaloacetate

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4
Q

What are the three types of pathways of metabolism?

A

i) Converging catabolism
ii) Diverging anabolism
iii) Cyclic pathway

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5
Q

Where in the human body are polymers broken down?

A

The intestine

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6
Q

What is the point of breaking down polymers in the body?

A

Because only monomers are absorbed into the body

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7
Q

What is the TCA cycle?

A

Individual biomolecules are broken down by unique pathways into universal molecules (acetyl CoA) that can “feed into” a common energy producing pathway

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8
Q

An (exergonic/endergonic) reaction involves nonspontaneous reactions that absorb free energy and has a positive ∆ G

A

Endergonic

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9
Q

Favorable reactions are (exergonic/endergonic) and release free energy, represented by a negative ∆ G

A

Exergonic

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10
Q

True or false: The free energy change switches sign but keeps the same magnitude for the reverse of a reaction

A

True

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11
Q

True or false: Enzymes increase reaction rate and therefore affect ∆ G

A

FALSE - Enzymes increase reaction rate but DO NOT affect ∆G

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12
Q

What is the equation for ∆ G’°?

A

ΔG’° = -RT ln (Keq)

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13
Q

What is the equation for Keq?

A

Keq = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b

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14
Q

True or false: A reaction with a positive ΔG’° can move in the forward direction if the ΔG is negative

A

True

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15
Q

What is the equation for ΔG?

A

ΔG = ΔG’° + RT ln (Keq)

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16
Q

True or false: Individual metabolic pathways are reversible

A

FALSE - Individual metabolic pathways are IRREVERSIBLE

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17
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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18
Q

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

What is the different between ATP, ADP, and AMP in terms of structure?

A
  • ATP has 3 phosphates, ADP has 2 phosphates, and AMP has 1 phosphate
  • They have the same structure aside from this
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20
Q

What is a coupled reaction

A
  • A thermodynamically unfavorable reaction (positive ΔG) can be made to occur if coupled with a thermodynamically favorable reaction (negative ΔG)
  • Coupled reactions involve shared intermediates.
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21
Q

True or false: The flow of electrons in redox reactions is responsible directly or indirectly for all cellular work

A

True

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22
Q

How do electrons move from food to oxygen? (Four things they move through, including food and oxygen)

A

Electrons move from electron rich molecules (food) –> metabolic intermediates –> electron carriers –> oxygen

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23
Q

Transfer of electrons to O2 is exergonic because O2 has ______ standard reduction potential

A

Very high / Very large in the positive direction

—> Very likely to gain electrons / Be reduced

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24
Q

Definition: Coenzyme

A

A low molecular weight organic compound, which in cooperation with an enzyme, facilitates catalysis of a reaction

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25
Why do we need to consume vitamins in our diets?
The vitamin is a nutritional requirement since the organism is unable to biosynthesize an adequate amount for its own use
26
True or false: NAD+ is reduced to NADH during many oxidative reactions of catabolism
True
27
NAD+ collects ______ released during catabolism
NAD+ collects ELECTRONS released during catabolism
28
True or False: NADPH is also a stored form of reducing power, it is used to drive the reductive biosynthetic reactions of catabolic pathways
FALSE - NADPH is also a stored form of reducing power, it is used to drive the reductive biosynthetic reactions of ANABOLIC pathways
29
What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?
(CH2O)n
30
What are the two major functional groups of carbohydrates?
i) Aldehydes (Aldose in carbohydrates) | ii) Ketones (Ketose in carbohydrates)
31
What are the namings of carbohydrates based on number of C atoms, for 3 - 7 carbons
- 3 : triose - 4 : tetrose - 5 : pentose - 6 : hexose - 7 : heptose
32
Definition: Epimer
Stereoisomers that differ in stereochemistry at only one chiral carbon
33
5-6 carbon monosaccharides are almost always in the _____ form
5-6 carbon monosaccharidesare almost always in the CYCLIC form
34
What is a sugar with 6-member ring called?
Pyranose
35
What is a sugar with 5-member ring called?
Furanose
36
Definiton: Anomer
Two stereoisomers that differ only in their configuration about the anomeric carbon atom (the central carbon of an acetal or a hemiacetal).
37
What kind of bond joins the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide?
Glycosidic bond (can be in either alpha or beta conformation)
38
True or false: Once the glycosidic bond is formed, is can change between alpha and beta configurations
FALSE: Once the glycosidic bond is formed, the configuration is no longer free to equilibrate! Because the different configurations have different properties, they stay in their original form
39
How does amylose differ from cellulose?
Cellulose has beta-1,4 linkages, amylose has alpha-1,4 linkages. This makes cellulose much more difficult to break down than amylose (AKA starch)
40
Cellulose is a ______ polymer of glucose
Cellulose is a LINEAR polymer of glucose
41
What makes cellulose so stable?
The huge amount of hydrogen bonding that takes place between the subunits
42
What kinds of bonds does chitin (shells of lobsters) form?
Beta-1,4 linkages (just like cellulose!)
43
Describe the investment phase of glycolysis (starting materials, finishing materials, ATP required/produced)
Starting material: Glucose Ending material: Two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate **Requires 2 ATP
44
Describe the payoff phase of glycolysis (starting materials, finishing materials, ATP required/produced)
Starting Material: Two molecules of glyveraldehyde-3-phosphate Ending material: Two pyruvate **Creates 4 ATP
45
First step of glycolysis - Phosphoryl transfer i) Glucose --> ?? ii) What enzyme does this? iii) Is any ATP produced or used?
i) Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate ii) Enzyme: Hexokinase iii) Energy used: ATP --> ADP (by hydrolysis)
46
Second step of glycolysis - Isomerization i) Glucose-6-phosphate --> ?? ii) What enzyme does this? iii) Is any ATP produced or used?
i) Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate ii) Enzyme: Phosphoglucoisomerase iii) No ATP used or created
47
Third step of glycolysis - Phosphoryl transfer i) Fructose-6-phosphate --> ?? ii) What enzyme does this? iii) Is any ATP produced or used?
i) Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6-biphosphate ii) Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase iii) Energy used: ATP --> ADP
48
Fourth step of glycolysis - Aldol cleavage i) Fructose-1,6-biophosphate --> ?? ii) What enzyme does this? iii) Is any ATP produced or used?
i) Fructose-1,6-biphosphate is cleaved between carbons 3 & 4, creating both dihydroxyactone phosphate (unwanted product) & glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (desired product) - ----> An enzyme converts the unwanted product into desired product (this is the 5th step of glycolysis) ii) Enzyme: Aldolase iii) No ATP used or created
49
What enzyme interconverts between dihydroxyactone phosphate & glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate? (isomerization) (5th step of glycolysis)
Triose phosphate isomerase
50
Sixth step of glycolysis - Oxidation i) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> ?? ii) What enzyme does this? iii) Is any ATP produced or used? iv) Are there any biproducts of this reaction?
i) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate ii) Enzyme: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase iii) No ATP used or created iv) NAD+ and Pi --> NADH + H+
51
Seventh step of glycolysis - Phosphoryl transfer i) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate --> ?? ii) What enzyme does this? iii) Is any ATP produced or used? iv) Are there any biproducts of this reaction?
i) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate ii) Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate kinase iii) Energy created: 2 ADP --> 2 ATP iv) No other bioproducts
52
Eighth step of glycolysis - Phosphoryl shift i) 3-phosphoglycerate --> ?? ii) What enzyme does this? iii) Is any ATP produced or used? iv) Are there any biproducts of this reaction?
i) 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate ii) Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate mutase iii) No ATP used or created iv) No biproducts
53
Ninth step of glycolysis - Dehydration i) 2-phosphoglycerate --> ?? ii) What enzyme does this? iii) Is any ATP produced or used? iv) Are there any biproducts of this reaction?
i) 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate ii) Enzyme: Enolase iii) No ATP created or used iv) H2O is byproduct
54
Tenth (final) step of glycolysis - Phosphoryl transfer i) Phosphoenolpyruvate --> ?? ii) What enzyme does this? iii) Is any ATP produced or used? iv) Are there any biproducts of this reaction?
i) Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate ii) Enzyme: Pyruvate kinase iii) Energy created: 2 ADP --> 2 ATP iv) No other byproducts
55
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
When a phosphate is transferred from a substrate to an ADP to create ATP
56
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
When ADP is changed to ATP by energy in electron transport
57
Which enzyme(s) in glycolysis do(es) substrate-level phosphorylation?
Phosphoglycerate kinase & Pyruvate kinase
58
What enzyme changes Pyruvate to Lactate? Does this process create anything else?
- Enzyme: Lactate Dehydrogenase | - Yes, NAD+ is created: NADH + H+ --> NAD+
59
What is the intermediate in changing Pyruvate to Ethanol?
Acetylaldehyde (H3C-CH=O)
60
What enzyme changes Pyruvate to Acetylaldehyde? Does this add and/or remove anything from the molecule?
- Enzyme: Pyruvate Decarboxylase | - Adds an H+ and removes a CO2
61
What enzyme changes Acetylaldehyde to Ethanol? Does this add and/or remove anything from the molecule?
- Enzyme: Alcohol Dehydrogenase | - NADH + H+ --> NAD+
62
Definition: Synthetases
Synthases: enzymes that catalyze condensation reactions but do not require ATP.
63
What are the rate-limiting enzymes of the Kreb's cycle?
i) Citrate Synthase ii) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase iii) Alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
64
What enzymes are involved in Beriberi? (Hint: what enzymes use thymine pyrophosphate?)
1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase | 2. alpha keto-glutarate dehydrogenase
65
What enzyme is involved in myogloburina?
Lactate dehydrogenase (doesn't work)

bioc 4331 Mine (4 decks)

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