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PSY 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

studied the impact of rehearsal by teaching himself nonsense syllables and discovered that the more time we spend learning novel information, the better we learn it.

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2
Q

Spacing effect

A

a phenomenon in which we retain information better if our rehearsal is distributed across time.

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3
Q

Deep processing

A

encoding information in terms of its meaning, leads to better memory. Ex. What type?

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4
Q

Shallow processing

A

encoding information in terms of a superficial characteristic. Ex. Does this rhyme?

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5
Q

Structural processing

A

most shallow form of encoding information. Ex. Are these letters capital?

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6
Q

Mnemonic

A

a strategy for improving memory for some material.

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7
Q

Chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units.

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8
Q

Iconic memory

A

sensory memory for visual information, lasts about 200ms.

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9
Q

Echoic memory

A

sensory memory for auditory information, lasts about 3 seconds.

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10
Q

Working memory

A

the memory responsible for holding information in an active, conscious state. Has a limited capacity of about 7 items and a limited duration of about 20 seconds.

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11
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

extremely vivid recollections of surprising events, may be inaccurate.

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12
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

the prolonged strengthening of potential neuronal firing which provides a basis for learning and remembering associations.

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13
Q

Implicit memories

A

without conscious recall.

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14
Q

Explicit memories

A

with conscious recall.

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15
Q

Where are implicit memories processed?

A

cerebellum and basal ganglia.

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16
Q

Where are explicit memories processed?

A

hippocampus and frontal lobes.

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17
Q

Proactive interference

A

(forward-acting), occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later.

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18
Q

Retroactive interference

A

(backward-acting), occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier.

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19
Q

Loftus & Palmer

A

car accident experiment using different words and had varied results.

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20
Q

Misinformation effect

A

after exposure to misinformation, many people misremember.

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21
Q

Gary Wells

A

discovered that sequential lineups are most effective for reducing chances of misidentification because people make absolute judgments.

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22
Q

Sigmund Freud on repressed memory

A

proposed that we repress painful memories to protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety.

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23
Q

Algorithms

A

methodical, step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution.

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24
Q

Heuristics

A

simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems efficiently. Speedier, but more error prone.

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25
Confirmation bias
the tendency to seek out information that confirms our theory, and not seeking out (or ignoring) information that might falsify our theory.
26
Fixation
the inability to see a problem from a different perspective, employing a different mental set.
27
Functional fixedness
our tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.
28
Representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.
29
Availability heuristic (pop-up principle)
the tendency to rely predominantly on evidence that easily comes to mind rather than use all possible evidence in evaluating some conclusion.
30
Intuitive heuristics
representative and availability.
31
Our use of intuitive heuristics and confirmation bias can lead to _________.
overconfidence.
32
Belief perseverance
our tendency to cling to our initial concepts even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
33
Phonemes
the smallest distinctive sound unit in language, such as the 'b' in 'bag'.
34
Morphemes
the smallest unit that carries meaning in language, such as one syllabus words or prefixes.
35
Angular gyrus
transforms visual representations into an auditory code.
36
Wernicke's area
processes language input.
37
Broca's area
processes language output.
38
Tetsuro Matsuzawa
studied chimps' ability to remember and relate numbers.
39
Charles Spearman
believed we have one general intelligence.
40
General factor/factor analysis
Spearman, found that students who do well on one test of mental ability tend to do well on all others.
41
Gardner's theory
intelligence is best thought of as multiple abilities that come in packages.
42
Gardner's 8 intelligences
1. Linguistic 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Musical 4. Spatial 5. Bodily-kinesthetic 6. Intrapersonal 7. Interpersonal 8. Naturalist
43
Savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
44
Sternberg's theory
distinguishes among three intelligences: analytical, creative, practical.
45
Thurstone's primary mental abilities
intelligence may be broken down into seven factors: 1. Word fluency 2. Verbal comprehension 3. Spatial ability 4. Perceptual speed 5. Numerical ability 6. Inductive reasoning 7. Memory
46
Creativity requires ______ thinking.
divergent.
47
Intrinsic motivation
driven by interest, satisfaction, and challenge rather than external pressure.
48
What is the approximate correlation between overall brain size and intelligence?
.30
49
Francis Galton
devised the first tests of mental ability.
50
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
developed the first standardized test for the purpose of identifying who needed special help in school. Also introduced the concept of mental age.
51
Lewis Termon
translated the Binet-Simon work into English and used IQ as the way of expressing a person's score.
52
IQ equation
(mental age/chronological age) x 100
53
Aptitude test
tests designed to predict future performance, such as the SAT.
54
Achievement test
tests designed to assess what you have learned.
55
Flynn effect
the rise of intelligence test scores around the world in the 20th century.
56
Gender differences in intelligence
females are better at spelling and remembering locations of objects, males are better at spatial visualization.
57
Stereotype threat
being at risk of personally confirming a negative stereotype about one's group, Claude Steele.
58
James-Lange theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness/noticing/realizing of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
59
Cannon-Bard theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotions.
60
Two factor (Schachter-Singer) theory
the theory that to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.
61
Kinesics
body language, facial expressions.
62
Proxemics
distance, eye contact.
63
Paralinguistics
speech signal (minus content), pitch, tone, volume.
64
Facial feedback hypothesis
physical facial emotional displays lead to emotion being felt.
65
Three measures of retention
recall, recognition, and relearning.
66
Sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
67
Testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.
68
Serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
69
Sleep may help protect against _________ interference.
retroactive.

PSY 101 (7 decks)

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