Exam 3

Question 1

How does Innes define mental rumination?

Answer 1

repeatedly “bringing up” regrets from the past and worry is imagining things we are afraid might happen in the future.

Question 2

How do Shahar, Britton & Willoughby (2012) define mental rumination?

Answer 2

an excessive, repetitive, and uncontrolled stream of negatively balanced thoughts and memories that are linked to each other by a common theme that is activated by stress or negative affect

Question 3

How does Nolen-Hoeksema (Response Style Theory) define mental rumination?

Answer 3

a mode of responding to distress that involves repetitively and passively focusing on symptoms of distress and on the possible causes and consequences of these symptoms

Question 4

How does Karen Horney define perfectionism?

Answer 4

the tyranny of the shoulds

Question 5

How does Brene Brown define perfectionism?

Answer 5

a self-destructive and addictive belief system that fuels this primary thought: If I look perfect, live perfectly, and do everything perfectly, I can avoid or minimize the painful feelings of shame, judgement and blame

Question 6

What is self-oriented perfectionism?

Answer 6

have a strong need to be perfect and a tendency to set unrealistic standards for themselves and evaluate themselves harshly if they don’t meet them; high self-standards and self-criticism

Question 7

What is socially prescribed perfectionism?

Answer 7

the need to meet the perceived standards and expectations of significant others; believe that other people have unrealistic expectations for them and will evaluate them harshly if they don’t meet them

Question 8

What is other-oriented perfectionism?

Answer 8

alienates perfectionists from other people; associated with blame, distrust, and hostility towards others; histrionic, narcissistic, anti-social personality

Question 9

What is the Tripartite Model of Perfectionism as described by Hewitt and Flett (1991)?

Answer 9

1. self-oriented perfectionism
2. socially-prescribed perfectionism
3. other-oriented perfectionism

Question 10

What was Iyengar, Wells and Schwartz’s (2006) model?

Answer 10

Maximizer vs. Satisficer Decision-Making Model

Question 11

What is the problem with the maximizing method?

Answer 11

maximizing is troubling because it seeks the best and requires and exhaustive search of possibilities because it leads you to reach the standards you believe are required for you and thus do not enjoy what you are doing

Question 12

What are the negative effects associated with maximizing?

Answer 12

Less satisfied, more pessimistic, stressed, tired, anxious, worried, overwhelmed, depressed

Question 13

what are the 4 types of perfectionism identified in Gaudreau & Thompson model (2010) work?

Answer 13

1. Non-perfectionism
2. pure evaluative concerns perfectionism
3. Pure personal standards perfectionism
4. Mixed profile perfectionism

Question 14

Which is the best type of perfection to have according to the 2x2 model?

Answer 14

pure personal standards perfectionism

Question 15

Which is the best type of perfection to have according to the 2x2 model?

Answer 15

pure personal standards perfectionism

Question 16

why is rumination more closely associated with depression where worry is more closely associated with anxiety?:

Answer 16

Ruminating over past events you can’t get over, worrying over the future possibility of failing

Question 17

How do you think shame and perfectionism are related?

Answer 17

Shame is felt by not meeting standards and feeling not good enough because you did not meet your perfectionist standards

Question 18

According to Peter Whybrow’ how did the stone age brain (and related physical systems) react to encountering abundance of food?

Answer 18

Eat everything as fast as possible to increase chance of survival

Question 19

How does maladaptive rumination differ from adaptive reflection?

Answer 19

rumination is self-attentiveness motivated by perceived threats, losses or injustices to the self whereas reflection is self-attentiveness motivated by curiosity or epistemic interest in the self

Question 20

According to Peter Whybrow’ how did the stone age brain (and related physical systems) react to activities that resulted in pleasure?

Answer 20

motivates us to repeat behaviors and form habits; increased our chance of survival

Question 21

What makes habits adaptive?

Answer 21

They use much less brain power than conscious thinking

Question 22

Why are habits so difficult to change or end?

Answer 22

Because we are genetically wired to repeat behaviors that make us feel good

Question 23

How is affluence connected to addictive behaviors?

Answer 23

Modern capitalism teaches us to be motivated by self-reward, and affluence makes us prone to patterns of addiction, greed and corruption

Question 24

What is the relation between heroin use and other drugs?

Answer 24

Drugs and other addictive substances active the norepinephrine system that involves our motivation-reward system, also related to our Flight or Fight response. Repeated drug use can permanently streamline this system by destroying its ability to inhibit substance use or behaviors.

Question 25

Per Goodman’s 2008 research, Which 3 systems are impaired by behavioral addictions?

Answer 25

1. Motivation-reward 2. Affect regulation 3. Behavioral inhibition

Question 26

List the 10 steps of the course of addictive illnesses described by Goodman (also 2008)

Answer 26

1. Course of illness 2. Behavioral features 3. Individuals' subjective experience of the condition 4. Progressive development of the condition 5. Experience of tolerance 6. Experience of withdrawal phenomena 7. Tendency to relapse 8. Propensity for behavioral substitution 9. Relationship between the condition and other aspects of affected individuals' lives 10. Recurrent themes in the ways individuals with these conditions relate to others and to themselves

Question 27

What is the relationship between addictive substances/behaviors and social anxiety?

Answer 27

Terlecki and Buckner (2015) found that anxiety increased the need for conformity and reduced their participants' ability to cope with their emotions. Essentially, people will self-medicate with alcohol or other drugs.

Question 28

How do you see the nature-nurture interaction play out in the process of developing an eating disorder?

Answer 28

We are nurtured into thinking that we aren't good enough in society

Question 29

How does objectification theory explain the development of eating disorders?

Answer 29

sexual objectification of women leads to self-objectification which leads to body surveillance and body shame which leads to eating disorders. Through self-objectification, you become and observer of your own body through the lens of dominant cultural standards.

Question 30

How does perfectionism relate to eating disorders?

Answer 30

Many people with eating disorders have maladaptive perfectionism which reacts strongly to failures in attempts to lose weight and feel anxiety about social disapproval from others, Perfectionists are trying to meet the standards we believe are held by other people.

Question 31

What distinguishes anorexia Nervosa from other eating disorders?

Answer 31

Associated with low impulsivity.

Question 32

What are two measures you can take to reduce your risk of becoming or remaining addicted?

Answer 32

1. Slowly changing habits - not cutting off right away | 2. Understanding what is motivating us to use that addiction

Question 33

How did Erikson define generativity?

Answer 33

an adult's concern for and commitment to promoting the growth and well-being of future generations through parenting, teaching, mentoring, institutional involvement, and a range of other social behaviors

Question 34

How did Erikson define stagnation?

Answer 34

failure to find a way to contribute. These individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society as a whole; self-preoccupied, poor psychosocial adjustment in midlife years

Question 35

What are the 5 components of the redemption narrative identified by McAdams & Guo as being indicative of psychosocial adaptation and self-reported generativity in middle aged adults?

Answer 35

1. Early advantage: the protagonist is singled out for positive distinction 2. Sensitivity to suffering: the protagonist is moved by the suffering of other people or by oppression, inequality, or some other social ill 3. Moral steadfastness: a strong moral framework guides the protagonist's actions 4. Redemption sequences: negative events turn positive 5. Prosocial goals: the protagonist expressly aims to improve the lives of other people or society more generally

Question 36

With what psychological state are contamination sequences associated?

Answer 36

Depression

Question 37

What did the category of meaning making tell the researchers about the participants?

Answer 37

whether or not the participant derived a general meaning about the self or about life from the specific scene described; generativity levels

Question 38

How might you apply this study to your own plan for healthy aging?

Answer 38

Increased levels of public-service motivation and psychological well-being are correlated; generativity comes from positive parenting, volunteerism, civic engagement and prosocial approach to life

Question 39

How might you apply this study to your own plan for healthy aging?

Answer 39

Increased levels of public-service motivation and psychological well-being are correlated; generativity comes from positive parenting, volunteerism, civic engagement and prosocial approach to life

Question 40

What are alternatives to emotion-based reaction to problems?

Answer 40

1. mindfulness 2. radical acceptance 3. confronting things that are not as we think they should be

Question 41

What are Hazen & Shaver's 3 types of adult attachment?

Answer 41

1. secure attachment 2. Anxious/avoidant attachment 3. Anxious/ambivalent attachment

Question 42

Seligman’s 5 components of positive psychology

Answer 42

``` P: Positive Emotions (The Pleasant Life) E: Engagement (The Engaged Life) R: Relationships (Positive Relationships) M: Meaning (The Meaningful Life) A: Accomplishment ```

Question 43

basic foci for positive psychology past, present & future

Answer 43

The Past: well-being, contentment and satisfaction The Present: flow and happiness The Future: optimism and happiness

Question 44

flow

Answer 44

A state of experience we feel when we are totally involved in what we are doing.

Question 45

important findings from Shawn Achor’s happiness studies

Answer 45

90% of your happiness is not determined by your external world, but how you process the world

Question 46

characteristics/negatives/benefits of Fredrickson’s 2 types of well-being

Answer 46

1. Eudiamonic well-being: the sense that life is meaningful and has purpose 2. Hedonic well-being: feeling good or the pleasant life

Question 47

Brene’ Brown’s concept of wholehearted living

Answer 47

"engaging in our lives from a place of worthiness." She further explains that we need to practice and cultivate in ourselves courage, compassion and connection in order to live a whole-hearted life.

Question 48

Carol Dweck’s concept of mindsets

Answer 48

(2006) suggested that a fundamental way of changing your perspective on life is by resetting your mindset. Growth mindset ("the hand you've been dealt as just the starting point for development; belief that your basic qualities are things you can cultivate through your efforts") vs. fixed mindset. Importance of "self-talk" to achieve genuine transformation of worldview. Thesis that establishing growth mindset can lead to "love of challenge, belief in effort, resilience in the face of setbacks, and great (and more creative) success."

Question 49

criticisms of/limitations to the study of positive psychology

Answer 49

focus should not be on happiness but on meaningfulness

Question 50

introduction of the Internal Working Model

Answer 50

greatly influenced by attachment patterns we experienced with our parents; related to adult attachment styles

Question 51

Ralph Linston (Lao Tzu: fish)

Answer 51

"The last thing a fish would ever notice would be water."

Question 52

Meaningfulness (Schnell 2009)

Answer 52

Meaningfulness is "a fundamental sense of meaning, based in an appraisal of one's life as coherent, significant, directed and belonging" aligned with personally fulfilling goals that are incorporated into a individual's self-system.

Question 53

Worldview (Leontiev 2007)

Answer 53

Worldview is how you see the world as framed by your external cultural influences, such as culture, family history and images and messages in the media. He defined worldview as "a more or less coherent system of general understandings about how human beings, society, and the world at large exist and function."

Question 54

How did Arnett differ from the conventional thinking around young adulthood e.g. Erikson’s stages of adolescence and adulthood

Answer 54

- instability (financial, emotional), discovery | - time of exploration, pushed back young adulthood

Question 55

identity issues related to emerging adulthood (builds on Freud’s views)

Answer 55

Love: social, intimate & sexual relationships Work: educational success & fulfilling career Worldview: ability to navigate an increasingly diverse collection of cultural environments in the way we make sense of our lives

Question 56

instability of 3 areas of life

Answer 56

work, love, worldview

Question 57

William of Ockham

Answer 57

the simplest explanation is the best; we tend to overthink

Question 58

What does evolutionary psychology tell us about physical systems that activate us and help us to regulate emotional activiation?

Answer 58

sympathetic system triggers FFF; parasympathetic is antidote. Amygdala triggers sympathetic system when senses you are in danger

Question 59

What does evolutionary psychology tell us about emotional reactivity?

Answer 59

Phenotype is how your genetic makeup is manifested in your environment. Early environments shape how our genetic predispositions manifest how we respond to stressors.

Question 60

factors that create individual differences between individual’s levels of emotional reactivity

Answer 60

Levels of emotional reactivity are based on genetics and the affects of their early experiences, such as attachment, exposure to maternal depression, abuse and traumatic experiences.

Question 61

environmental factors that support/impair the process of emotional regulation (Lopez)

Answer 61

Two primary factors that are predictive of breakdown of inhibitory control are negative emotions and resource depletion. This is helpful to know now because if we stop and think about our emotions or resource depletion we can better combat breakdown of inhibitory control. This can help in the future by learning to set goals and develop values and practice detecting cues that precede unwanted behaviors.

Question 62

What is mindfulness?

Answer 62

Mindfulness helps us be fully engaged in the present and know what we are doing in the moment. By being mindful, we are knowing our entire experience and functioning in a more productive and healthy way. (Kabat-Zinn)

Question 63

Self-authorship

Answer 63

we have control over our own thoughts and images of ourself and our beliefs and it is a plastic idea

Question 64

Stages of identity formation

Answer 64

1. unexamined ethnic identity 2. ethnic identity search 3. ethnic identity achievement

Question 65

Data supporting the existence of systemic oppression

Answer 65

Project Implicit: - implicit biases are pervasive - biases towards some groups run deep - people differ in their levels of implicit biases - individual variance is a function of dominance of a person's membership group, consciously held attitudes, messages about groups present in the environment

Question 66

Erikson’s model of identity development

Answer 66

``` Infant to 18 months: trust vs. mistrust 18 months - 3 years: autonomy vs. shame & doubt 3-5 years: initiative vs. guilt 5-13 years: industry vs. inferiority 13-21 years: identity vs. role confusion 21-39: intimacy vs. isolation 40-65 years: generativity vs. stagnation 65+ years: ego integrity vs. despair ```

Question 67

Erikson’s stage theory reexamined with relation to sequence and age-ranges

Answer 67

in real lives, people revisited the central issues associated with each stage throughout life

Question 68

What does evolutionary psychology tell us about our emotions?

Answer 68

Emotions triggered by danger sensed by our autonomous system or primitive brain

Question 69

Secure Attachment:

Answer 69

trust, friendship, positive emotions towards relationship

Question 70

Anxious/Avoidant Attachment:

Answer 70

retreating from difficult interactions; might look like shutting down

Question 71

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment:

Answer 71

excessive pursuit of partner, lopsided commitment to the relationship

Question 72

What are the basics of Thomas Gordon (2011) Sensitive-Responsive Dialogue

Answer 72

mirrors the sensitive responsiveness exhibited by caregivers in secure attachment parent-child relationships as characterized by 1) non-judgemental listening and 2) Being yourself as both speaker and listener

Question 73

What are the communication strategies (“ways of communicating”) associated with positive levels of interaction?

Answer 73

1. communicative strategies 2. metacommunication 3. anticipatory social strategies 4. ceremonies and rituals created in relationship 5. sense of togetherness

Question 74

How do authors Owen and Finchum define hook-up culture?

Answer 74

A spontaneous sexual interaction in which 1) the individuals are explicitly not in a traditional romantic relationship with each other, 2) there is no a priori agreements regarding what behaviors will occur, and 3) there is explicitly no promise of any subsequent intimate relations or relationships. The hookup can comprise various sexual behaviors, and may include any or all of the following: heavy kissing and/or petting, oral sex, anal sex, mutual masturbation, and/or intercourse.

Question 75

Contrast between Christopher Hudspeth’s 18 Ugly Truths and the communication skills predictive of happiness identified in Maata’s & Uusiautti’s & Gottman’s research.

Answer 75

Maata and Uusiautto's research found that happiness in a relationship often come from good communication skills, such as talking about each other's day and feelings, discussing the way problems will be solved, how to act towards each other, doing things that remind the couple of old times, and spending time together in meaningful ways. This contrasts to Hudspeth's 18 Ugly Truths in that Hudspeth claims that in modern relationships, there is very little communication, little caring for the other person, poor communication strategies, little to no planning, no investment in the relationship, no sharing of feelings, and little togetherness.

Question 76

Clark Doll Study

Answer 76

children were shown two dolls, identical except for race, and study found internalized racism towards white doll

Question 77

Yale Baby Lab

Answer 77

study on babies to see if they can tell right from wrong, and found that while babies do choose the puppet that was "kinder," in subsequent studies they found that they thought that puppets who were "mean" or "immoral" deserved punishment

Question 78

Intersectionality and how identities can interact

Answer 78

have multiple identities which form frame of reference and how they interact is intersectionality

Question 79

role of attachment in family systems

Answer 79

influence internal working model and future adult relationships

Question 80

role of parenting styles in family systems and developmental outcomes

Answer 80

1. secure base | 2. encouraging exploration

Question 81

boundaries

Answer 81

need to have boundaries in family systems so that are differentiated and not enmeshed but have sense of togetherness

Question 82

What are some of the factors that make for a stronger vs. a troubled romantic (and really other kinds of) relationship?

Answer 82

stronger relationships have more communication, more openness, planning, caring, investment in relationship, and togetherness.

Question 83

what kind of perfectionism is most closely associated with depression and in your own words why do you think that is the case?

Answer 83

socially prescribed perfectionism because you are worrying about meeting the goals of others and have a fear of negative evaluations, so instead of being able to be proud of your own work, you can only be proud of yourself by the approval of others, which you may not always get and thus become depressed from believing you are not meeting standards.

Question 84

What are some additional mental health challenges associated with rumination?

Answer 84

anxiety, binge-eating, binge-drinking, and self-harm

Question 85

How can mindfulness be used to combat rumination

Answer 85

by being mindful, we can reduce the initial negative affective bias, lower persistence of the same mindset, and stop thinking in a particular (negative) state of mind

Question 86

How does wholehearted living help to mitigate the effects of perfectionism? (think in terms of the 3 C’s and shame)

Answer 86

by living whole-heartedly, we are allowing ourselves to be authentic and live with compassion, courage and connection. By allowing ourselves to do this, we do not experience shame associated with perfectionism (or more specifically from not meeting our perfectionist goals) and then can develop shame resilience to combat negative feelings from perfectionist thought

Question 87

How do you think shame and perfectionism are related?

Answer 87

People are perfectionist because they are trying to meet standards that are expected of them, whether realistic or imagined. Thus, if we do not meet our standards, we feel that we are bad for not having met our goals and thus experience shame.