Exam 3

Question 1

List the types of biostatistical tests.

Answer 1

1. T-test
2. Paired T-test
3. ANOVA
4. Chi-square

Question 2

(X) is the value to look at in order to determine if association exists.

Answer 2

X = p-value

Question 3

(X) is the value to look at in order to determine the direction of an association.

Answer 3

X = regression coefficient (if it’s positive or negative)

Question 4

(X)-values are used to determine (Y)-values, which tell us the significance of an association based on biostat test.

Answer 4

X = t
Y = p

Question 5

T/F: In multiple linear/logistic regression, values should be used only if significant association, based on p-value.

Answer 5

False - use even if not significant associatoin

Question 6

Anytime you want to do a prediction, you should use (X) biostat tool.

Answer 6

X = regression (linear or logistic)

Question 7

Anytime you want to do a prediction with dichotimous outcome, you should use (X) biostat tool.

Answer 7

X = logistic regression

Question 8

You can use logistic regression if the predictor is (continuous/categorical).

Answer 8

Either!

Question 9

Equation for maternal mortality ratio.

Answer 9

No. maternal deaths/No. live births

Question 10

If you’re following a cohort over a period of time (to see if outcome develops, for example), which general type of measure will you be presenting?

Answer 10

A rate - any measure with time component is RATE

Question 11

Loss to follow-up is a form of (X) bias.

Answer 11

X = selection

Question 12

Phenomenon in which a

third variable, that is not associated with both exposure and outcome, modifies their relationship.

Answer 12

Effect modification

Question 13

Phenomenon in which a

third variable, that is associated with both exposure and outcome, modifies their relationship.

Answer 13

Confounding

Question 14

In order to examine relationships while controlling for confounders, we have to use
which statistical method?.

Answer 14

Regression

Question 15

(X) is the probability of a negative result given the presence of disease.

Answer 15

X = false negative rate

Question 16

(X) is the probability of negative test given absence of disease.

Answer 16

X = specificity

Question 17

(X) is the probability of a positive test given presence of disease.

Answer 17

X = sensitivity

Question 18

(X) is the probability of getting a positive test result given the absence of disease.

Answer 18

X = false positive rate

Question 19

(X) is the probability of disease, given a positive test.

Answer 19

X = positive predictive value

Question 20

T/F: Sensitivity and specificity are inherent characteristics of the test.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

T/F: Predictive values (pos and neg) are inherent characteristics of the test.

Answer 21

False - depend on prevalence too

Question 22

Absolute number of patients who would need to be treated to prevent one instance of the
bad outcome.

Answer 22

Number needed to treat

Question 23

Absolute number of patients who would need to be treated for a
bad outcome (ie. side effect) to occur.

Answer 23

Number needed to harm

Question 24

When calculating (absolute/relative) risk reduction, you subtract (X) from 1.

Answer 24

Relative;

X = Risk ratio/relative risk/incidence ratio

Question 25

Human-made toxic substance in environment is called (toxin/toxicant/contaminant). Give an example.

Answer 25

Toxicant Pesticide

Question 26

Substance that enters system where it's not usually found is called (toxin/toxicant/contaminant).

Answer 26

Contaminant

Question 27

List the four steps of risk assessment process.

Answer 27

1. ID hazard 2. Dose-response relationship 3. Assess exposure 4. Risk characterization

Question 28

EPA sets max (X) levels based primarily on (Y).

Answer 28

``` X = contaminant Y = health risks ```

Question 29

In 1970, EPA released (X) Act, which placed limit on:

Answer 29

X = clean air How much pollutant can be in air anywhere in US

Question 30

Since EPA Clear Air Act in 1970, (X) have decreased.

Answer 30

X = US Air pollutant emissions

Question 31

Air pollution has major health effects due to (X). The (smaller/larger) (X), the worst, because (Y).

Answer 31

X = particulate matter (PM) Smaller; Y = enters deep into lungs

Question 32

Decreasing PM (particular matter) decreases deaths from (X).

Answer 32

X = heart disease

Question 33

Climate change due to increase in (X), which trap (Y). List some effects of this.

Answer 33

``` X = long-lived greenhouse gases (CO2) Y = heat ``` Increase flooding, high-heat days, vector habitat expansion

Question 34

(X)% of F and (Y)% of M experience intimate partner violence.

Answer 34

``` X = 30 Y = 23 ```

Question 35

(Younger/older) individuals at higher risk for intimate partner violence. What are some other risk factors?

Answer 35

Younger; Mental health, poverty, perpetrating violence

Question 36

List some relationship risk factors for intimate partner violence.

Answer 36

1. Martial conflicts/fights 2. Economic stress 3. Dominance/control in relationship

Question 37

T/F: There's a decrease in health care costs in IPV situation, since victim reluctant/forbidden to see health care professional.

Answer 37

False - health care costs increase

Question 38

T/F: Homicide, not mass shootings, are major cause of death from guns.

Answer 38

False - major cause is suicide, but homicide more frequent than mass shooting

Question 39

T/F: Mass shootings are increasing in frequency.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

T/F: It's never ok to offer payment/compensation to recruit subjects for research.

Answer 40

False - it's fine to certain degree (for time/inconvenience), but not so people willing to take excessive risk