Exam 3 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Hypotonic
Into the cell
Hypertonic
Out of the cell
Passive
Moves molecules from high to low concentration
Active
Moves molecules from low to high concentration
Channel protein
Move large non specific molecules from a high to low concentration
Active carrier
Carry large specific molecules from a low to high concentration using energy
Passive carrier
Carry large specific molecules from a high to low concentration with no energy
Mendel’s five concepts
- Alternative versions of genes cause variation in inherited traits.
- Offspring inherit one copy of a gene from each parent.
- An allele is dominant if it has exclusive control over the phenotype of an organism when paired with a different allele.
- Two copies of a gene separate in meiosis and end up in different gametes.
- Gametes fuse without regard to which alleles they carry.
Mendel’s first and second laws
- Segregation, two copies of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes. This law can be used to predict how a single trait will be inherited.
- Independent Assortment, when gametes form the separation of the two copies (alleles) of one gene during meiosis is independent of the separation of the copies of other genes. This was an experiment to show two-trait experiment to prove the second law
extensions of Mendel’s laws
- Incomplete dominance o Heterozygote is an intermediate o Ex. horses - Codominance o Both alleles are expressed o Ex. Blood types - Pleiotropy o A single gene influences a variety of traits o Ex. albinism - Epistasis o Gene interaction affects the phenotype o Ex. BB or Bb, black; bb, brown; cc, white - Environmental Effects o Internal and external conditions influence phenotype o Ex. Temperature - Polygenic traits o Trait is determined by two or more genes o Ex. Skin color
Carbohydrates
examples: Simple: sugars Complex: pasta monomers: - Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - Monosaccharide functions: - Provide short term memories - Can form plant structure
Lipids
Examples: - Oils - Dish soap monomers: - Carbon, hydrogen - Glycerol and fatty acids functions: - Make cell membrane - Long term energy
Proteins
Examples: - Protein shakes - Dairy products monomers: - Amino acids Functions: - Make up hair and nails - Make up antibodies
Nucleic Acids
examples: - DNA - RNA monomers: - Nucleotides functions: - Genetic material - RNA can carry DNA message out of the nucleus
differences between DNA and RNA
a. DNA is double stranded
b. RNA is ribose sugar
c. DNA is A,T,C,G
d. RNA synthesizes proteins in living organisms
fats in a positive and negative way
- Saturated fat build up can lead to atherosclerosis which is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease.
- Can reduce cancer
Isotonic
not at all
Exocytosis
where vesicle approaches and fuses with the plasma membrane of a cell, thereby releasing its contents into the cells surroundings
Endocytosis
where a section of a cells plasma membrane bulges in word as the envelopes a substance outside of the cell, eventually breaking free to become a closed vesicle with the cytoplasm
Receptor medicated endocytosis
where receptor proteins embedded in the plasma membrane of a cell recognize certain surface characteristics of materials to be brought into the cell by endocytosis.
Phagocytosis
A form of endocytosis by which a cell engulfs a large particle, such as another cell
DNA
Sugar: deoxyribose
Phosphate: phosphate
nitrogenous base: A, T, C, G
RNA
sugar: ribose
phosphate: phosphate
nitrogenous base: A, U, C, G
