Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
endomysium
A
Thin fascial sheath that surrounds the cell membrane of each muscle fiber.
2
Q
perimysium
A
Bundles of muscle fibers are called fasciculi, which are surrounded by perimysium
3
Q
epimysium
A
Entire muscle covered by
4
Q
What innervates:
Skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscle?
Cardiac muscle?
A
Skeletal muscle: somatic nervous system
Smooth muscle: Autonomic Nervous System
Cardiac muscle: Involuntarily controlled– contractions are regulated by intrinsic fibers, hormones, and ANS
5
Q
Where do you find:
Skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscle?
Cardiac muscle?
A
Skeletal muscle: Comprises 40-50% of total body weight and is made up of over 600 individual muscles
Smooth muscle:wall of hollow visceral organs and tubes, blood and lymphatic vessels, iris, etc
Cardiac muscle: walls and partitions of the heart
6
Q
Striated or non-striated:
Skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscle?
Cardiac muscle?
A
Skeletal muscle: Striated
The Smooth muscle: Non-striated
Cardiac muscle: Striated
7
Q
Size
Smooth muscle?
Cardiac muscle?
A
Smooth muscle: Relaxed smooth muscle are 30-200 um, thickest in the middle (3-8 um) and tapered
Cardiac muscle: 50-100 um in length and 14 um in diameter
8
Q
Which muscle remains contracted and how much longer?
A
Cardiac muscle: Single action potential remains contracted 10 to 15 times longer than skeletal muscle
9
Q
Fast fibers:
A
- anaerobic metabolism
- large in diameter
- densely packed mofibrils
- large glycogen reserves
- few mitochondria
- aka: white muscle fibers, fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, and Type II-A fibers.
10
Q
Slow fibers:
A
- half the diameter of fast fibers
- take three times as long to contract after stimulation
- dramatically higher oxygen supply
- contain the red pigment myoglobin
- dark red
- aka: red muscle fibers, slow-twitch oxidative fibers, and Type I fibers
11
Q
Nucleus:
Skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscle?
Cardiac muscle?
A
Skeletal muscle: Multinucleated
Smooth muscle: single nucleus
Cardiac muscle: single nucleus (possibly 2)
12
Q
Muscle examples of 1st class levers
A
Unusual in the musculoskeletal system
Triceps in elbow
Raises head off chest. Posterior neck muscles provide the effort. Atlanto-occipital joint is the fulcrum, the weight lifted is the facial skeleton.
13
Q
Muscle examples of 2nd class levers
A
Unusual in the musculoskeletal system
A push-up
Extension of the metatarsal phalangeal joint while standing
Stand on tip-toe
14
Q
Muscle examples of 3rd class levers
A
Most of the musculoskeletal levers in the body are 3rd class
15
Q
Psoas Major origin
A
T12-L5
16
Q
Psoas Major insertion
A
Lesser trochanter of femur
17
Q
Psoas Major nerve
A
L2-L4
18
Q
Psoas Minor origin
A
T12 and L1
19
Q
Psoas Minor insertion
A
Pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence
20
Q
Psoas Minor nerve
A
L1 2
21
Q
Iliacus origin
A
Superior 2/3 of iliac fossa, iliac crest and ala of sacrum
22
Q
Iliacus insertion
A
Lesser trochanter of femur
23
Q
Iliacus nerve
A
Femoral (L2-L4)
24
Q
Pectineus origin
A
Pectineal line of pubis
25
Pectineus insertion
Pectineal line femur
26
Pectineus nerve
Femoral n.
27
Tensor Fasciae Latae origin
Lanteriorsuperior iliac crest
28
Tensor Fasciae Latae insertion
iliotibial tract
29
Tensor Fasciae Latae nerve
Superior gluteal (L4 5 S1)
30
Sartorius origin
(ASIS) Anterior superior iliac spine
31
Sartorius insertion
Pes anserine
32
Sartorius nerve
Femoral (L2 3 (4))
33
Vastus medialis origin
medial lip of linea aspera
34
Vastus medialis nerve
femoral
35
Vastus medialis insertion
tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon
36
Vastus intermedius origin
prox. 2/3 anteriolateral surface of femur
37
Vastus intermedius nerve
femoral
38
Vastus intermedius insertion
tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon
39
Gluteus Maximus origin
ilium
sacrum
thoracolumbar fascia
sacrotuberous ligament
40
Gluteus Maximus insertion
Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract
41
Gluteus Maximus nerve
Inferior gluteal (L5 S1 2)
42
Gluteus Minimus origin
ilium
43
Gluteus Minimus insertion
greater trochanter
44
Gluteus Minimus nerve
Superior gluteal (L4 5 S1)
45
Gluteus Medius origin
ilium
46
Gluteus Medius insertion
greater trochanter
47
Gluteus Medius nerve
Superior gluteal (L4 5 S1)
48
Piriformis origin
sacrum
49
Piriformis insertion
greater trochanter
50
Piriformis nerve
S1-2
51
Gemellus Superior origin
ischial spine
52
Gemellus Superior insertion
greater trochanter
53
Gemellus Superior nerve
L5 S1
54
Obturator Internus origin
obturator membrane
55
Obturator Internus insertion
greater trochanter
56
Obturator Internus nerve
L5 S1
57
Gemellus Inferior origin
ischial tuberosity
58
Gemellus Inferior insertion
greater trochanter
59
Gemellus Inferior nerve
L5 S1
60
Quadratus Femoris origin
ischial tuberosity
61
Quadratus Femoris insertion
intertrochanteric crest
62
Quadratus Femoris nerve
L5 S1
63
Vastus Lateralis Origin
Greater trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Linea aspera
64
Vastus Lateralis Insertion
Tibial tuberosity
65
Vastus Lateralis nerve
femoral
66
Rectus femoris origin
AIIS and superior brim of acetabulum
67
Rectus femoris insertion
tibial tuberosity
68
Rectus femoris nerve
femoral n
69
Semimembranosus Origin
Ischial tuberosity
70
Semimembranosus Insertion
Medial condyle of tibia
71
Semimembranosus nerve
sciatic nerve
72
Semitendinosus Origin
Ischial tuberosity
73
Semitendinosus Insertion
Pes anserinus
74
Semitendinosus nerve
Sciatic
75
Biceps Femoris (long and short heads) Origin
Long: Ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous lig.
Short: Linea aspera
76
Biceps Femoris (long and short heads) Insertion
Long: head of fibula
Short: head of fibula
77
Biceps Femoris (long and short heads) nerve
long head: tibial
short head: common fibular nerve
78
Gracilis origin
Lateral inferior ramus of pubis and ischium
79
Gracilis insertion
pes anserine
80
Gracilis action
Knee flexion and internal rotation, hip adduction
81
Gracilis nerve
Obturator
82
Adductor Brevis origin
inferior ramus of pubis
83
Adductor Brevis insertion
Upper 1/3 of linea aspera
84
Adductor Brevis action
Hip adduction, slight medial rotation, extension, flexion
85
Adductor Brevis nerve
Obturator
86
Adductor Longus origin
Body of pubis
87
Adductor Longus insertion
medial lip of linea aspera
88
Adductor Longus action
Hip adduction, slight internal rotation, extension, flexion
89
Adductor Longus nerve
Obturator
90
Adductor Magnus origin
ischial tuberosity and inferior ramus of ischium and pubis
91
Adductor Magnus insertion
Entire length of linea aspera; medial supracondylar ridge of femur, and adductor tubercle
92
Adductor Magnus action
Hip adduction, external rotation, extension (lower portion), flexion (upper portion)
93
Adductor Magnus nerve
Obturator and Sciatic
94
Popliteus origin
posteromedial part of tibia
95
Popliteus insertion
lateral femoral condyle
96
popliteus action
knee flexion
97
popliteus nerve
tibial n.
98
Fibularis Brevis origin
Lower two-thirds of lateral fibula
99
Fibularis Brevis insertion
Fifth metatarsal
100
Fibularis Brevis action
Plantarflexion, eversion
101
Fibularis Brevis innervation
Superficial fibular nerve
102
Fibularis Longus origin
Upper 2/3 lateral fibula, lateral condyle of tibia
103
Fibularis Longus insertion
1st metatarsal, 1st cuneiform
104
Fibularis Longus action
plantarflexion, eversion, support arches
105
Fibularis Longus innervation
Superficial fibularis nerve
106
Plantaris origin
Lateral supracondylar ridge of the femur.
107
Plantaris insertion
Medial calcaneus
108
Plantaris action
Flexion of the knee. Plantarflexion.
109
Plantaris innervation
Tibial Nerve
110
Soleus origin
posterior upper 1/3 of fibula, soleal line of the tibia, interosseus membrane
111
Soleus insertion
achilles tendon
112
Soleus action
-Plantar flexion -Reversed origin insertion action: when standing, the calcanius becomes the fixed origin of the muscle; -stabilizes the tibia on the calcaneus limiting forward sway.
113
Soleus innervation
Tibial nerve
114
Gastrocnemius origin
lateral and medial condyle of femur.
115
Gastrocnemius insertion
achilles tendon
116
Gastrocnemius action
Flexion of the knee. Plantarflexion.
117
Gastrocnemius innervation
Tibial nerve
118
Tibialis Posterior origin
Interosseus membrane, post. tibia and fibula
119
Tibialis Posterior insertion
Navicular, cuboid, cuneiform bones, 2, 3, 4 metatarsals
120
Tibialis Posterior nerve
Tibial nerve
121
Tibialis Posterior action
Inversion Plantar flexion
122
Flexor Digitorum Longus origin
Middle of posterior tibia
123
Flexor Digitorum Longus insertion
4 tendons to base of dist. 2-5 phalanges on plantar surface
124
Flexor Digitorum Longus nerve
Tibial nerve
125
Flexor Digitorum Longus action
Flexion of the four smaller digits
126
Flexor Hallicus Longus origin
Lower 2/3 of post fibula and inteosseus membrane
127
Flexor Hallicus Longus insertion
Plantar surface of base of distal phalanx of hallux
128
Flexor Hallicus Longus nerve
tibial nerve
129
Flexor Hallicus Longus action
flexes all joints of the big toe, plantar flexion of the ankle joint
130
Abductor Hallucis origin
medial process of calcaneus tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis
131
Abductor Hallucis insertion
medial side of first phalanx of 1st toe
132
Abductor Hallucis action
Abducts toe
133
Abductor Hallucis nerve
Medial plantar
134
Flexor Digitorum Brevis origin
anterior aspect of calcaneus tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis
135
Flexor Digitorum Brevis insertion
second phalanges of four outer toes (tendon bifurcates)
136
Flexor Digitorum Brevis action
Toe flexion
137
Flexor Digitorum Brevis nerve
Medial plantar
138
Abductor Digiti Minimi origin
Lateral process of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis
139
Abductor Digiti Minimi insertion
Lateral side of the first phalanx of the fifth toe
140
Abductor Digiti Minimi action
Abducts the small toe
141
Abductor Digiti Minimi nerve
Lateral plantar nerve
142
Quadratus Plantae origin
Calcaneus (2 heads)
143
Quadratus Plantae insertion
Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
144
Quadratus Plantae action
Toe flexion
145
Quadratus Plantae nerve
Lateral plantar
146
Lumbricals origin
Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus
147
Lumbricals insertion
Tendons of the extensor digitorum longus muscles and into the medial side of the first phalanx of the corresponding toes
148
Lumbricals action
Flexes toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints, extends toes in interphalangeal joints of four lateral toes
149
Lumbricals nerve
Medial plantar
Lateral plantar
150
Flexor hallucis brevis origin
plantar surface of cuboid bone, tendon of tibialis posterior
151
Flexor hallucis brevis insertion
first phalanx of 1st toe
152
Flexor hallucis brevis action
Fexes great toe
153
Flexor hallucis brevis innervation
med. plantar
154
Adductor hallucis origin
oblique head: bases of 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsal; transverse head: lateral 4 MTP joints
155
Adductor hallucis insertion
lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st toe
156
Adductor hallucis action
Adducts great toe
157
Adductor hallucis innervation
lat. plantar
158
Flexor digiti minimi origin
5th metatarsal
159
Flexor digiti minimi insertion
first phalanx 5th toe
160
Flexor digiti minimi action
Flexion of proximal phalanx, 5th toe
161
Flexor digiti minimi innervation
lat. plantar
162
Dorsal interossei origin
two heads from adjacent sides of metatarsals
163
Dorsal interossei insertion
1: medial side of 1st phalanx, 2nd toe
2: lateral side of 1st phalanx, 2nd toe
3: lateral side of 1st phalanx, 3rd toe
4: lateral side of 1st phalanx, 4th toe
164
Dorsal interossei action
Toe flexion
165
Dorsal interossei innervation
lat. plantar
166
Plantar interossei origin
medial side of 3, 4, 5 metatarsals
167
Plantar interossei insertion
medial side of 3, 4, 5 toes, 1st phalanx
168
Plantar interossei action
Toe flexion
169
Plantar interossei innervation
lat. plantar
170
Tibialis anterior origin
upper 2/3 lat. Tibia
171
Tibialis anterior insertion
medial plantar aspect 1stmetatarsal, 1stcuneiform
172
Tibialis anterior action
Dorsiflexion, inversion
173
Tibialis anterior innervation
deep fibular nerve
174
Extensor digitorum longus origin
upper ¾ ant. fibula, interosseus membrane, lateral condyle tibia
175
Extensor digitorum longus insertion
4 tendons to middle and distal phalanges toes 2-5
176
Extensor digitorum longus action
Toe extension, dorsiflexion, eversion
177
Extensor digitorum longus innervation
deep fibular nerve
178
Extensor hallucis longus origin
middle fibula, interosseus membrane
179
Extensor hallucis longus insertion
dorsum distal phalanx hallux
180
Extensor hallucis longus action
toe extension, dorsiflexion, inversion
181
Extensor hallucis longus innervation
deep fibular nerve
182
Fibularis tertius origin
lower 1/3 ant-lat fibula
183
Fibularis tertius insertion
base of dorsum 5th metatarsal bone
184
Fibularis tertius action
Dorsiflexion, eversion
185
Fibularis tertius innervation
deep fibular nerve
186
Extensor hallucis brevis origin
calcaneus (sinus tarsi)
187
Extensor hallucis brevis insertion
dorsum of 1st phalanx of 1st toe
188
Extensor hallucis brevis action
Extends proximal phalanx of great toe
189
Extensor hallucis brevis innervation
Deep fibular
190
Extensor digitorum brevis origin
calcaneus (sinus tarsi)
191
Extensor digitorum brevis insertion
lateral side of tendons of extensor digitorum longus of medial toes
192
Extensor digitorum brevis action
Extends 3 medial toes
193
Extensor digitorum brevis innervation
deep fibular
194
Psoas Major action
Hip flexion and external rotation
195
Psoas Minor action
Flexion of th pelvis and lumbar spine
196
Iliacus action
hip flexion and ext rotation
197
Pectineus action
thigh adduction, flexion, and slight internal rotation
198
Tensor Fasciae Latae action
tenses fasciae latae, hip flexion, abduction and iternal rotation
199
Sartorius action
hip flexion, abduction and external rotation, knee flexion, and internal rotation
200
Vastus medialis action
knee extension
201
Vastus intermedius action
knee extension
202
Gluteus Maximus action
Extends hip, assists in adduction and external rotation
203
Gluteus Minimus action
hip internal rotation
204
Gluteus Medius action
abducts hip, rotates thigh internally when leg is extended, stabilization of opposite hip
205
Piriformis action
External rotation of extened hi, abducts hip when limb is flexed
206
Gemellus Superior action
hip external rotation
207
Obturator Internus action
hip extenal rotation
208
Gemellus Inferior action
hip external rotation
209
Quadratus Femoris action
hip external rotation, adduction
210
Vastus Lateralis action
knee extension
211
Rectus femoris action
hip flexion, knee extension
212
Semimembranosus action
hip extension, knee flexion, knee internal rotation
213
Semitendinosus action
Hip extension, knee flexion, knee internal rotation
214
Biceps Femoris (long and short heads) action
hip extension, knee flexion, knee external rotation
215
What is the tarsal tunnel?
Tibialis Posterior (Tom)
Flexor Digitorum longus (Dick)
Post. tibial artery (Bloody)
Tibial nerve (Nervous)
Flexor Hallucis longus (Harry)
216
What makes up the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
What nerve innervates it?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
deep fibular nerve
217
What makes up the lateral compartment of the lower leg?
What nerve innervates it?
Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
superficial fibular nerve
218
What makes up the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg?
What nerve innervates it?
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
Tibial n.
219
What makes up the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg?
What nerve innervates it?
Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus
Tibial nerve
220
Which compartment does the superior gluteal nerve innervate and which muscles?
hip abductors
Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus, TFL
221
Which compartment does the sacral plexus innervate and which muscles?
external rotators
Piriformis, Obturator internus, Obturator externus, Gemellus superior, Gemellus inferior, Quadratus femoris
222
What compartment and muscles does the obturator nerve innervate?
Adductors
Adductors brevis, longus, magnus, pectineus, gracilis
223
Which compartment does the superficial fibularis nerve innervate and which muscles?
Lateral compartment
Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, and superficial fibularis.
224
Which compartment does the tibial nerve innervate and which muscles?
Superficial posterior compartment (Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris)
and
Dee posterior compartment (Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus, Popliteus)
225
Agonist
the worker muscle- the muscle that causes the desired action
226
Antagonist
a muscle that can cause movement opposite to the agonist - “true Antagonist” has exactly the opposite action or actions of the agonist
227
Stabilizer
a muscle that fixes or holds a bone so the agonist can do the intended movement, or eliminates undesirable movement
228
Synergist
a muscle that has at least one antagonistic action to the agonist and contracts to eliminate an undesirable movement, thus enabling the agonist to be more efficient.
229
Neutralizer
a muscle that has a common and an antagonistic action with the agonist. The antagonistic actions cancel each other and the common action results.
230
Co-contraction
the simultaneous contraction of antagonistic muscles
231
The length-tension relationship
The length-tension relationship states that the contractile tension that the muscle is able to produce increases with the length of the muscle and is maximum when the muscle is at its resting length.
232
The contractile tension
The contractile tension produced decreases as the muscle becomes shorter, or as the muscle is stretched beyond resting length.
233
1st class lever
fulcrum or axis of rotation is in between the effort and resistive torques
234
2nd class lever
the resistive torque is between the fulcrum and the effort torques
235
3rd class lever
the effort torque is between the fulcrum and the resistive torque
