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Biology 181 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What directs cell respiration?

A

controlled by enzymes, made by cyclines.

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2
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

Image of chromosomes.

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3
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

Chromosomes split abnormally.

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4
Q

What is a producer? Other name?

A

Make their own organic matter. Autotrophs.

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5
Q

What is a consumer? Other name?

A

Must consume food in order to make a usable energy. Heterotrophs.

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6
Q

Plants make —–, require —— and give off —–?

A

food, co2/water, oxygen.

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7
Q

Humans consume ——– and convert the energy into —- this process is call?

A

oxygen/glucose, ATP, cell respiration.

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8
Q

—-,—-, and —- are all nutrients that can be utilized via cell respiration to make ATP.

A

Carbs, Proteins and Lipids.

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9
Q

what are 2 types of cell respiration?

A

aerobic, anaerobic

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10
Q

——- respiration requires Oxygen.

A

aerobic

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11
Q

——- respiration does not require Oxygen.

A

anaerobic

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12
Q

what are the requirements for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6

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13
Q

what are the requirements for anaerobic respiration

A

A nutrient (Glucose)

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14
Q

What are 3 metabolisms involved in aerobic cellular respiration, and where do each occur?

A

Glycolysis (Cytoplasm), Citric Acid Cycle (Mitochondrial Matrix), Electron Transport Chain (Inner Mitochondrial Membrane).

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15
Q

What are the products of Gylcolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH

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16
Q

During the intermediate step ——- is converted to —— and —– is given off as a byproduct.

A

Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, CO2

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17
Q

What is required for the intermediate step?

A

molecular Oxygen.

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18
Q

—— is the cyclic molecule involved in the citric acid cycle also know as the Krebbs Cycle.

A

Oxaloacytate.

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19
Q

What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

NADH, FADH, 2 ATP, Oxaloacytate and a byproduct of CO2.

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20
Q

What is NADH?

A

Electron/Hydrogen shuttle.

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21
Q

How is NADH different from FADH?

A

FADH carries 2 Hydrogen.

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22
Q

What is the difference between NADH and NAD?

A

NADH has be reduced, positive. NAD has be oxidized, loss of electron.

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23
Q

—- and —- deliver High-energy — to the ETC.

A

NADH, FADH, Electrons.

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24
Q

The ETC uses high energy electrons the force Hydrogen into the ——? The H ions then diffuse through —-?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix. ATP Synthase.

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25
Q

What happens to the electrons after they leave the ETC?

A

They are picked up by Oxygen then Hydrogen = create water.

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26
Q

What is the Location, Product and #of ATP produced for the following Metabolisms? Glycolysis, Intermediate step, Citric acid cycle, and ETC.

A

Glycolysis: Cytoplasm/ 2 ATP, 2 NADH,2 PYRUVATE.

Intermediate step: Cytosol or Mitochondria/ 2 NADH(byproduct CO2)/ 0 ATP produced.

Citric acid cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix/6NADH, 2 ATP, 2FADH, Oxaloacytate.

ETC: Inner Mitochondrial Membrane, 34 ATP

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27
Q

When is the first time Oxygen is required in Cell respiration?

A

Intermediate Step.

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28
Q

Total # of ATP produced in Cell Respiration?

A

38

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29
Q

—– or —- are products of Anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic Acid or Ethanol Alcohol

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30
Q

List the product, # of ATP produced and location of the metabolisms Lactic acid and Alcohol.

A

Lactic Acid/ 2ATP/ Cytoplasm

Ethanol Alcohol/ 2ATP/ Cytoplasm

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31
Q

What is Phosphorylation?

A

Phosphate forced on ADP.

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32
Q

What is Chemiosmosis?

A

the production of ATP through the proton gradient “driving” the ATP synthase enzyme.

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33
Q

What is proton motive force?

A

H ions concentration gradient. Inner-membrane.

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34
Q

List 3 Producers.

A

Plant, Bacteria, Protists

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35
Q

Photosynthesis is composed of 2 primary phases know as?

A

the light phase, dark phase.

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36
Q

List 4 primary requirements of photosynthesis.

A

Energy, Water, Carbon, ATP.

37
Q

List all the products of the Light Phase and the process associated.

A

ATP-Photophosphorylation
NADPH-
O2(byproduct)- Photolysis
Proton Motive Force- Chemiosmosis

38
Q

What is Carbon Fixation?

A

When CO2 and RUBP bond together.

39
Q

What is Photolysis?

A

energy from the sun used to break apart water.

40
Q

Where does the Dark Phase occur? List all the products of the Dark Phase.

A 
Stroma. 
G3P/Glucose
NADP+
ADP
RUBP+Phosphate
41
Q

—— and —– are required for the light phase?

A

Photons and water.

42
Q

What is the cyclic molecule in the Dark phase?

A

RUBP

43
Q

What is Oxidation?

A

lose of elcetron.

44
Q

What is Reduction?

A

gain of electron.

45
Q

What is Stromata?

A

Guard cells

46
Q

What is Stroma?

A

Fluid fills chloroplast and provides grounds for rnx.

47
Q

What is grana?

A

Stack of thylakoid disks.

48
Q

What is NADP reductase?

A

enzyme, adds electrons to NADP. negative NADP + positive Hydrogen= NADPH.

49
Q

What is Mesodome?

A

Where the Chloroplast is located.

50
Q

Is NADP reduced or oxidized during the light phase?

A

Reduced

51
Q

Is NADPH reduced or oxidized during the light phase?

A

Oxidized

52
Q

Is G3P reduced or Oxidized?

A

Reduced

53
Q

When is O2 given off during photosynthesis?

A

Photolysis

54
Q

When is CO2 used during Photosynthesis?

A

Dark Phase (Carbon Fixation)

55
Q

What is CO2 used for during Photosynthesis?

A

Building blocks for C6H12O6

56
Q

—— can be indirectly produced via Photosynthesis?

A

Galactose/Cellulose.

57
Q

Dihybird cross ratio.

A

9:3:3:1

58
Q

What is Pleiotrphy?

A

Individual alleles often have one or more effect on phenotype. EX: flowers are yellow and tall.

59
Q

What is Epistasis?

A

One gene interferes with the expression of another gene. EX: coat color in lab retrievers.

60
Q

What is Polyploidy and Aneuploidy?

A

Poly: Too many chromosomes
Ane: irregular # of chromosomes

61
Q

A —– can determine an unknown genotype by crossing a —- —– organism with the unknown genotypic organism.

A

Test cross, Homoz recessive.

62
Q

What are the genotypes for the following disorders? Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turners syndrome.

A

DS: Trisomie 21, 3 sets of chromosomes on set 21.
KS: XXY
TS: XO

63
Q

What kind of cells go through Mitosis?

A

Somatic

64
Q

What kind of cells go through Meiosis?

A

Gamete

65
Q

What directs cellular growth and production?

A

DNA

66
Q

How many chromosomes are found in 1 somatic cell?

A

46

67
Q

How many Homologous chromosomes are found in one somatic cell?

A

23

68
Q

What is the final product of mitosis?

A

4 cells that are 1N(23).

69
Q

—- is normal non dividing state of cell in cell cycle.

A

Gzero

70
Q

What happens in Interphase of cell cycle?

A

G1- Growth
S- DNA duplicated
G2- Growth

71
Q

What are the phases of mitosis and what happens?

A
  1. Pro phase- chromosomes condense, centrioles moving to polar ends.
  2. Meta phase- line up on meta plate end to end.
  3. Ana phase- sister chromids pull apart.
  4. Telo phase- 2 seperate cells
  5. Cytokenisis
72
Q

What are the phases of meiosis 1 and what happens?

A
  1. Pro phase1- crossing over/genetic diversity
  2. Meta phase1- line up side by side
  3. Ana phase1- homo chromosomes separate
  4. Telo phase1- chromosomes arrive at the end of spindle.
73
Q

What are the phases of meiosis 2 and what happens?

A
  1. Pro phase2
  2. Meta phase2- line up end to end
  3. Ana phase2- sister chromosomes split apart
  4. Telo phase2
  5. Cytokenisis
74
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase 1

75
Q

What kind of chromosomes cross over?

A

Homologous chromosomes

76
Q

What is a cancer cell?

A

cell stuck in mitosis/cell cycle.

77
Q

What is the point at which crossing over occurs called?

A

Chiasma

78
Q

When do sister chromatids separate?

A

Anaphase 2

79
Q

When do homologous chromosomes separate?

A

Anaphase 1

80
Q

What is the final product of Meiosis?

A

4 gamete cells

81
Q

When is dna replicated during?

A

S phase of interface in cell cycle.

82
Q

What is mitosis?

A

process of making identical cells

83
Q

What is meiosis?

A

gamete cells are produced by meiosis

84
Q

Where does the cell go after cytokineses?

A

Gzero

85
Q

Give an example of co-dominance.

A

Flower has both red and white pedals.

86
Q

Give example of incomplete dominance.

A

Pink flower phenotype

87
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Change in the dna code.

88
Q

What are 2 x-linked disorders?

A

hemophilia, color blindness.

89
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

enzyme that reads and duplicates DNA.

Biology 181 (2 decks)

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