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Animal Behavior > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

In animal navigation what are the examples of “Simple Response”?

A

Movement over SHORT distance

Taxis

Kinesis

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2
Q

In animal navigation what are examples of “Complex Response”?

A

Movement over LONG distances (varies with species)

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3
Q

What are the 3 main strategies/forms of navigation?

A

Piloting, Compass, True/Real Navigation

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4
Q

Explain what piloting navigation is

A

When animals use familiar landmarks, using sensory cues such as visual, auditory and scent.

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5
Q

Explain what compass navigation is

A

Animal goes in a specific compass direction rather than following landmarks. They still use sensory cues, but rather than visual/auditory/scent, they use celestial cues from the sun, stars and magnetism.

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6
Q

Explain what True/Real Navigation is

A

It is a combination of Piloting and Compass navigation. As an animal sets out for a destination it doesn’t necessarily go in a straight line. When returning, rather than backtracking, they make a B line back to their point of origin.

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7
Q

What strategies of navigation use sensory cues?

A

ALL of them

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8
Q

What was Tinbergen’s hypothesis about the Digger Wasps?

A

Tinbergen hypothesized that the female wasps circled their nest before leaving to gather visual information used to return to the nest. When landmarks were moved, the wasps navigation was thrown off.

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9
Q

What did the Sahara Desert Ant experiment discover?

A

Homebody ants (ants who never leave the colony) can still find their way back to the nest even when unable to count steps. It was determined that they used optic flow. When their eyes were painted over, they were unable to find their way back. This proved the use of visual cues.

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10
Q

What is snapshot memory and what is it best used for? Give an example of this in nature.

A

Snap shot memory is when animals take a mental image of their environment to navigate. Best for short distance.

Example: Digger wasps

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11
Q

What is serial snaphot memory and what it is best used for?

A

Serial snapshot memory allows animals to backtrack their way home. This is best over long distances.

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12
Q

What is cognitive mapping ability and how does it relate to serial snapshot memory?

A

Cogntitive Mapping Ability happens when animals can extrapulate information to use it. Some animals that use serial snapshot memory do not need the images in order to make their way back home… this entails Cognitive mapping ability.

*Controversial*

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13
Q

Who is Karl Von Frisch and what study is he responsible for?

A

One of the Founding Fathers of Ethology

Known for navigational work with bees; Bee dance

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14
Q

Why is it beneficial for some species to detect polarized light?

A

It allows them to use the sun to navigate even when it is not entirely visible

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15
Q

The brightest star is called what and is part of what constellation?

A

Brightest star is polaris (the north star) and is part of the constellation Ursa Minor (aka Little Dipper)

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16
Q

How does Ursa Major (Big Dipper) progress through the sky?

A

Starts in the Eastern part of the sky and moves west, allowing animals to determine geographical location

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17
Q

What is the opposite of Ursa Major?

A

Cassiopeia- geographically opposite of the big dipper, starts in the west and moves easst

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18
Q

How does the Indigo Bunting migrate as it is a nocturnal bird?

A

Utilizes polaris as main point of reference

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19
Q

Magnetism can be both ____ and ____

A

Sensed and seen

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20
Q

Explain how Earth’s magnetism works

A

Earth’s solid iron core spins at a different rate than the liquid outer core around it, producing magnetism. Once magnetism is made, it exits the south pole, swings around at the quator and returns to earth and the Northern pole.

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21
Q

What three things are constant in magnetism?

A

Polarity, angle and strength of magnetism

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22
Q

The angle of magnetism is ____ at the poles and more ______ at the equator

A

Vertical at the poles and arched at the equator

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23
Q

Where is magnetism the strongest? The weakest?

A

Strongest at the poles and least strong at the equator

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24
Q

List some examples of species that use magnetism

A

Migratory birds, salmon, loggerhead turtles, monarch butterflies

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25
How do monarchs obtain their abilities to navigate via magnetism?
As catepillars they ingest milkweek which contains iron that then stays in the system through metamorphosis allowing them to detect magnetism.
26
Explain how the Thalamofugal Pathway works
Cluster N becomes active under the magnetic field, dye was injected into the Cluster N and the neurons were traced to the thalamus (its relay center), this tells sensory information where to go in the brain.
27
What is the evidence that magnetism can be seen?
Dye was injected into the eye of migratory birds, and it projected to the same thalamicnucleus as Cluster N.
28
What allows Zebra Finches to see magnetism? What about other species?
There are 4 different cryptochromes that detect magnetism in Zebra Finches that allow them to see magnetism. In other species there is an iron oxide known as magnetite which has been detected in the beaks of birds (typically in migratory birds)
29
What is the general olfactory system?
Allows animals to consciously detect odors
30
What is the vomeronasal system?
Allows animals to unconciously detect odors (They don't know odors are there but they have an obvious affect on the animal)
31
What is the first hypothesis of olfaction in salmon?
Fish use something about their natal waters such as soil, rocks and plants
32
What is the second hypothesis of olfaction in salmon?
Fish use cues from fish who have previously made that migration (Early migrators)
33
What was the Choice Test Experiment?
Salmon were put into one of two aquariums (one with water from their natal stream, and one with novel water they have never been exposed to)
34
What were the results of the Choice Test Experiment?
More activity in the olfactory bulb when placed in natal stream water
35
What is the first stop that olfactory information makes on its way to the brain?
Olfactory bulb
36
How does Thyroxine work?
It increases metabolism by increasing carbohydrate breakdown and also increases the release of cortisol
37
How does cortisol work both negatively and/or postively?
Long term cortisol can compromise memory, reproduction, and the immune system resulting in earlier death. Short term cortisol can actually enhance memory
38
The faster bats send out info the ____ they will receive it
The faster they will receive it
39
The more intense bats send out information the more ______ other animals receive it
Accurately
40
What happens to bats when they send out echolocation signals?
They become temporarily deaf by disconnecting the 3 ear bones
41
What is the difference between passive and active electrolocators?
Passive electrolocators can only detect electrical discharge, Active electrolocators can both produce and detect electric charge
42
What are electroreceptors?
Receptors that detect electric discharge, located laterally on animals
43
How does jamming avoidance work?
Animals alter their frequencies so that other animals around don't interfere
44
What relationship does the poplar aphid experiment demonstrate?
Habitat selection and reproductive success
45
Where is the best spot for the female aphid to lay their egg?
Where the stem and leaf meet (The petiole) which is the most nutrient rich part of the leaf
46
If eggs can not be laid on the petiole where would they be laid?
Midrib- or middle line of the leaf
47
If eggs can not be laid at the petiole or midrib, where would they be laid next? And if that spot is unavailable as well?
Veins are 3rd, 4th best would be the edges
48
Which aphids would have the most reproductive success?
Those that got there first and were able to reproduce on the petiole
49
In the mate defense system what can we predict if males are territorial and monogamous? What must the females do?
The males will stay and the females will leave
50
In the mate defense system if males are NOT territorial and are polymous what can we predict? What will the females do?
Males will disperse and females will stay
51
The first model of prediction is based on what?
DIfferences in competition for mates and resources Differences in parents and offsprings
52
If females are in matrineal lineage what do they do? What do the males do?
The female will stay and the males will leave unless there is competition
53
If females are not in matrineal lineage, what do they do? What do the males do?
Females leave and males stay
54
The second model of dispersion is based on what?
Status of the parent makes the decision
55
In the second model of dispersion what determines who stays and goes?
Presence of the father
56
If the father is present what does the female do? What do the males do?
Females leave and males stay
57
If the father is not present, what do the females do? What do the males do?
Female can stay, males must go
58
What is the Oedipus hypothesis?
Both parents and offspring are competing for mating resources.
59
In the oedipus hypothesis who are competing for resources?
Both offspring and parents
60
If a bird is a monogamous male does he stay or leave? (Hint: Is he in competition with his father?)
He stays, because he is NOT in competition with his father.
61
If a bird is a monogamous female does she stay or leave? (Hint: Is she in competition with her mother?)
She goes, although she is not in competition with her mother for mates, she leaves due to offspring care.
62
If a bird is a polygamous male does he leave or stay? (Hint: Is he in competition with his father?)
He will leave because he is in competition with his father
63
If a bird is a polygamous female does she stay or go? (Hint: is she in competition with her mother?)
She will leave, even though she is not in competition with her mother due to offspring care.
64
If a mammal is a monogamous male, does he stay or go?
It would be predicted for him to stay since he is not in competition with the father, but in reality the male will leave.
65
If a mammal is a monogamous female, does she stay or go?
It would be predicted for her to stay but in reality she would leave.
66
If a mammal is a polygamous male does he stay or leave?
He would leave because he is in competition with the father
67
If a mammal is a polygamous female does she stay or leave?
She would stay because she is not in competition with her mother, and since the mother would not have the physical ability to care for young that would not be a factor
68
How does territorial behavior affect hormone production?
Androgens (testosterone) would be increased which can be associated with poor parenting and weaker immune systems.
69
What is the main factor that determines who will win in a territorial dispute?
Interest in the territory
70
Explain the experiment involving the Speckled Wood Butterfly
Butterflies defending patches of light. Resident male was removed for a short time and would always come back to win the territorial dispute with the intruding male. If the resident male was removed for a long period of time, then the new male would win the dispute. This is because the new male has had enough time to establish himself and has more invested into the space than the old resident male.
71
What hypothesis is associated with the Speckled Wood Butterfly experiment?
Payoff Asymmetry Hypothesis
72
How are neighboring animals affected by territorial disputes?
Indirectly involved because they must increase their vigilance and protect their own territories as well.
73
Are neighboring animals adversely affected by territorial disputes not directly involving them?
Yes. They waste energy sources by displaying more, singing louder, etc.
74
What is the Dear Enemy Effect?
It is characterized by increased vigilance followed by in swing calm once the boundaries are established.
75
How has the Fiddler crab evolved to prevent the Dear Enemy Effect?
Gang up on intruders and bully intruder males away so they can't establish territory.
76
What feature do anoles use for communication and antagonistic behaviors?
Dewlaps - can extend. Used in both males and females
77
What tactics are utilized to avoid fighting?
Visual displays, Auditory, Strength competitions Once these are exhausted, then fighting becomes the last resort
78
What two factors are considered in fighting?
Value of the resource and Cost incurred
79
If the value of a resource is higher than the cost will the animals fight?
Yes
80
What can cause a decrease in the degree of fighting?
If cost is really high for one or both of the animals, there will be a decrease in the degree of fighting
81
What results in the greatest amount of fighting?
When the value is equal to the cost
82
What factors are considered for animals that must go out and forage to find food?
Distance traveled, time of day/year, what to eat
83
What factors are considered for foraging animals that must capture their food?
Location of traps, best time to construct traps, size of traps
84
What are some of the risks involved with foraging?
Predation, leaving offspring, being away from the nest too long
85
Explain the purpose of the patch model
The patch model demonstrates predictions for how long animals should spend foraging.
86
What assumptions are we making when using the patch model?
1) Benefit \> Cost 2) Optimize foraging behaviors 3) Does not take into account the variables that negatively effect foraging behaviors 4) All animals have a payoff associated with foraging 5) All foraging animals face constraints
87
Why is the patch model often an overestimate?
It does not take negative effects into account such as weather conditions or competition
88
Is the patch model more useful in starlings or honeybees? Why?
Starlings, because in honeybees it is grossly overestimated because they don't typically gather all of the nectar that they can due to the nectar weighing them down and they would then have to use energy from the nectar, decreasing the benefit
89
What is the diet selection model?
Animals will consume prey that are more profitable P= E ( energy gained) / H (handling time) + S (search time)
90
What happens to profitability if search time increases?
Profitability will decrease
91
If handling time increases what happens to profitability?
Profitability decreases
92
If energy gained increases, what happens to profitability?
Increases
93
What assumptions are we making in the diet selection model?
1) Profitable prey are preferentially chosen 2) Search time and handling time can effect the profitabilty 3) As profitability of prey changes, so should foraging behaviors
94
What is the diet selection model equation?
P= E / S+H
95
What would an animal choose an option where food was eventually guaranteed but time was variable, as opposed to guanranteed food every 15 seconds?
Animals put more value into the possibility of getting something "right now" rather than waiting due to the possibility of dying before receiving the food
96
Why do the stickleback fish prefer less dense areas of water fleas as opposed to more dense?
In more dense waters they can't be as vigilant to the kingfish predator
97
What is one way we can prove that predator and prey behavior are adaptive?
Crypsis
98
What is the Selfish Herd Hypothesis?
Animals jockey for the middle position under the assumption that it is safest and peripheral animals will get picked off first
99
Describe the hypothesis that contradicts the Selfish Herd Hypothesis
Some predators have figured out the Selfish herd hypothesis and will actually attack the middle allowing peripheral animals to escape first
100
Why is crypsis considered adaptive?
Because it increases search time which decreases profitability
101
What is the Prudent Predation hypothesis and why is it wrong?
States that animals save animals for future generations. This is not true because animals do not think that far ahead since they do not know if they will survive.
102
What are the three main sources of conflict in mating?
Gamete investment of mating partners Parenting behaviors
103
Collectively, what do mating conflicts result in?
One sex contributing more
104
In gamete investment who has the more scarce source?
Females
105
What is intra-sexual competition?
When females have more valuable/limited resources, creating more male vs male competition
106
What is inter-sexual competition?
Either male OR female have the valuable/limited resource
107
Who has the most intensity of sexual selection?
Polygamous animals
108
What mating system do males show more mating effort than parental effort?
Polygamous
109
In what mating system do females show very little mating effort and mostly parental effort?
Polygamous
110
What specialized organ in birds/insects store sperm?
Spermatheca
111
What specialized feature do Moniliformes dubius use to increase their chances of fertilization?
Males use sperm plugs that cause a vaginal block so other males can not successfully deposit their sperm
112
What specialized process do pirate bugs use to increase their chances of successfully mating with a female?
Male vs male competition that involves one male injecting his sperm into the body cavity of another male, which makes its' way to the testes so that even if that male gets to mate with the female, its the other males sperm being injected
113
What specialized feature do salamanders have to increase their mating success?
Males have spermatophores which are laid and can be fertlized simply by the female walking over it
114
What specialized feature do orb weaving spiders have?
Pedipalps - Male inserts into female, inflates, remains in female, male dies, female ingests male for nutrients for newly fertilized eggs.
115
If a female mates with multiple males, who is the most likely to fertilize her?
Last male she mates with
116
What two main criteria do North American Bullfrogs choose males based on?
Water depth Vegetation
117
How do Satin Bower birds demonstrate intra-sexual competition AND intersexual competition?
Intra-sexual - males will try to knock down other males archways Inter-sexual- Males build archways to attract females
118
What do scorpion fly females use to determine how long they will copulate with a male?
How large their nuptial gifts are
119
How does the common tern decide the quality of a male?
Amount of food they bring during courtship
120
What is the Copying Mate Choice Theory?
Females will be more likely to mate with a male if they see an older female mate with him first, as it shows he must be worthy.
121
What is Fisher's Hypothesis (Runaway Selection) and how does it relate to the Handicap Hypothesis?
This hypothesis demonstrates how males have increased pressures to have certain features that are desirable to the female. Occassionally this actually becomes a handicap to the male, which actually is even more desirable to females because if the male can survive having that handicap, his genes are more desirable.

Animal Behavior (2 decks)

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