Exam 3 Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
What antibiotics are produced by fungi?
A
- Penicillin (from Penicillium notatum)
- Streptomycin (from Streptomycin griseus)
2
Q
What fungi produces blue cheese?
A
Penicillium rouqueforti
3
Q
Two forms of fungi
A
- Microscopic yeasts
- Filamentous molds (i.e. moldy orange)
4
Q
Are fungi prokaryotic or eucaryotic microbes?
A
Fungi are eucaryotic microbes
5
Q
Are fungi unicellular or multicellular?
A
Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular
6
Q
What is the mode of multiplication for fungi?
A
- Spore formation - spores can be inhaled or land on skin and cause infection
- Some fungi have complex life cycles (asexual/sexual)
7
Q
How many species of fungi are there?
A
Over 50,000 species
8
Q
How many species of fungi cause disease?
A
About 25
9
Q
What fungi is the cause of “sick building syndrome”?
A
Stachybotrys chartarum
10
Q
Who does “sick building syndrome” affect?
A
- Affects people who are allergy sensitive
- Immunosuppressed
11
Q
What can Stachybotrys chartarum cause?
A
- Causes respiratory illness and sensitivities
- Rarely causes necrotizing soft tissue infections (causes by Mucormycetes)
12
Q
When are two examples of when “sick building syndrome” has occurred?
A
- Joplin, Missouri tornado
- Hurricane Katrina
13
Q
What is the pathogen that causes white-nose syndrome?
A
Pseudogymnoascus (Geomyces) destructans
14
Q
Host of white-nose syndrome and effects
A
Host: bats
Causes:
- fungal grows on muzzle and wings
- skin erosion
- abnormal behavior
15
Q
Two types of fungi found in the environment
A
- “sick building syndrome”
- white-nose syndrome
16
Q
4 fungal disease groups
A
- deep mycoses
- superficial mycoses
- subcutaneous mycoses
- mucocutaneous mycoses
17
Q
How are deep mycoses diseases acquired?
A
- inhalation of fungi or conidia (fungal spores)
- contaminated surgical equipment
18
Q
What happens during deep mycoses diseases?
A
- lead to systemic or disseminated infections
- spread to skin
19
Q
Who does deep mycoses diseases usually affect?
A
immunosuppressed
20
Q
Where is Aspergillosis found?
A
indoors and outdoors
21
Q
Risk factors for Aspergillosis
A
immunosuppressed (asthma, cystic fibrosis, bone marrow/organ transplant, chemo, HIV)
22
Q
How common is Aspergillosis and what is the prognosis?
A
- Rare (not reportable)
- High mortality (~100%)
- Death in weeks
23
Q
What can Aspergillosis cause?
A
acute pneumonia
24
Q
symptoms of aspergillosis
A
- allergic bronchopulmonary signs (wheezing, coughing)
- invasive aspergillosis symptoms (fever, chest pains, coughing, SOB, aspergilloma (fungal ball) )
25
Aspergillosis dx.
* chest x-ray
* CT scan of lungs
* biopsies
26
Aspergillosis tx.
Antifungal medications:
* Amphotericin B
* Itraconazole
usually ineffective
27
pathogen that causes Blastomycosis
Blastomyces dermatitidis
28
where is Blastomyces dermatitidis found?
moist soil
29
Blastomycosis transmission
inhalation
30
where is Blastomycosis found?
* some states
* endemic in some areas
31
symptoms of Blastomycosis
* half are asymptomatic
* show up weeks to months are exposure
* flu-like
* rarely disseminates to skin and bones
32
Risk factors for Blastomycosis
* any healthy person or immunosuppressed
* endemic in U.S.
33
dx. and tx. of blastomycosis
Dx:
* culture
* antigen test
Tx:
* Itraconazole
34
cause of Candidiasis
yeasts (genus Candida) most common is Candida albicans
35
three forms of Candidiasis infection
* oral
* genital (vaginal yeast infection)
* invasive (bloodstream)
36
what is the source of infection in Candidiasis
imbalance of yeast
37
4th most common hospital-acquired blood stream infection
candidiasis
38
39
symptoms and diagnosis of oral candidiasis
Symptoms:
* redness and soreness
* difficulty swallowing
* cracking at corners of mouth
Diagnosis:
* scrape affected area -\> microscope
40
symptoms and diagnosis of genital candidiasis
symptoms:
* itching
* burning
* **"cottage cheese-like" discharge**
* rash
diagnosis:
* sample of vaginal secretions -\> microscope
41
symptoms and diagnosis of invasive candidiasis
symptoms:
* fever and chills
* non-specific
* symptoms do not improve with antibiotics
diagnosis:
* blood culture
42
risk and treatment for oral candidiasis
risk:
* HIV/AIDS patients
* cancer treatment
* organ transplant
* diabetes
* dentures
* broad-spectrum antibiotic use
treatment:
* good oral hygiene reduces risk
* **itraconazole** (oral antifungal medication)
* topical wash (clotrimazole troches)
43
risk and treatment for genital candidiasis
risk:
* **pregnancy**
* diabetes
* broad-spectrum antibiotic use
reduce risk by:
* wearing cotton underwear
* oral probiotics
treatment:
* over the counter suppositories/creams
44
risk and treatment for invasive candidiasis
risk:
* surgical patients
* ICU
* central venous catheter
* weakened immune systems
* **low-birth-weight infants**
reduce risk by:
* infection control practices with central line
treatment:
* oral/IV antifungal medication (amphotericin B, fluconazole, echinocandin)
45
first US case of drug-resistant fungal infection
Candida auris (2016)
46
In what states is Coccidioidomycosis endemic?
* Arizona
* California
* Nevada
* New Mexico
* Utah
47
Coccidioidomycosis
valley fever
48
In Phoenix, Coccidioidomycosis is the cause of 15-30% of what disease?
community acquired pneumonia
49
symptoms of Coccidioidomycosis
* 60% asymptomatic
* fatigue
* cough
* fever
* SOB
* headache
* sweats
* muscle aches
* **rash on upper body**
50
What microorganisms cause Cryptococcosis?
* *Cryptococcus neoformans*
* *Cryptococcus gattii*
51
Where is *Cryptococcus neoformans* found?
Found in soil worldwide and people inhale fungal spores
52
Risk factors for Coccidioidomycosis
* people who live or travel in southwestern states (Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona)
* adults \>60 years
* weakened immune systems (HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, pregnant, diabetes, black or Filipino)
53
Diagnosis for Coccidioidomycosis
* medical and travel _history_
* _blood_ sample looking for antigens
* occasionally chest x-ray and biopsy
54
Treatment for Coccidioidomycosis
* _most symptoms go away_ within a few months without treatment
* sometimes _antifungal meds_ are prescribed to reduce symptoms
55
Species that causes Coccidioidomycosis
*Coccidioides* species (*C. immitis* and *C. posadasii*)
56
How is Coccidioidomycosis acquired?
inhalation of fungal arthrospores that exist in soil of endemic areas
57
What was the epidemic of Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona in 2000 associated with?
Climatic changes
58
Incidence of *C. neoformans*
Very low (\<1%)
59
*C. neoformans* is estimated to cause 1 million cases of ? per year among HIV/AIDS
Approximate number of deaths that occur and where
*C. neoformans* causes about 1 million cases of **cryptococcal meningitis**
About 600,000 deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa
60
Cryptococcosis is a reportable disease in which two states? How many infections have been documented between 2004-2011?
Oregon and Washington
100 infections
61
symptoms of Cryptococcosis (mild and severe)
* SOB
* cough
* fatigue
* fever
* HA
* *C. gatti* and *neoformans* can infect the _nervous system_ and cause _inflammation of brain and meninges_
* cause _altered mental state_ and _dissemination to lungs, skin, brain_
* *C. gatti* *s*ymptoms begin 2-14 _months after exposure_
* *C. neoformans* can cause l_atent infection_ or _symptomatic disease_
62
Who is at risk for developing cryptococcosis?
immunosuppressed
63
Diagnosis of cryptococcosis
* microscopic examination and/or culture of tissue or fluids (blood, CSF, sputum)
* Culture dx cannot distinguish between the two different species
64
Treatment for Cryptococcosis
antifungal for **at least 6 months**
65
Dermatophytes
* Fungi that cause skin, hair, and nail infections
* other names: **"Ringworm"** or **"Tinea"**
66
Where do Dermatophytes live?
live in moist areas of skin, environment, material
67
Symptoms of Dermatophytes
* can affect skin on almost any area of the body
* infections are usually itchy, red, scaly, cracking of skin, ring-shaped rash
68
How common is ringworm?
very common, including healthy people (contact sports, baths)
69
Prevention of Dermatophytes
Good hygiene
70
Diagnosis of Dermatophytes
* most often based on symptoms
* sometimes scrape affected area and microscopy
71
Tx of Dermatophytes
* oral antifungal meds (some)
* topical (most)
72
symptoms of Histoplasmosis
* fever, cough, chills, headache, body aches
* symptoms appear a **few days to a couple weeks after exposure**
* usually go away within a few weeks to a month
