Exam 3 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Who are the closest relatives to the kingdom plantae
A
Phylum chlorophyta
2
Q
What are the shared characteristics of the kingdom plantae and phylum chlorophyta?
A
- similar primary pigments:
chlorophylls and carotenoids - store energy as starch
- cellulose in cell walls
3
Q
Kingdom plantae Synapomorphies?
A
- specialized tissues for photosynthesis, conduction, support, anchorage, and protection
- multicellular eukaryotes
- exhibit alternation of generations
4
Q
Kingdom plantae non vascular plants Symplesiomorphy?
A
lack xylem and phloem
5
Q
Land adaptations for non vascular kingdom plantae plants?
A
- fatty cuticle to reduce water loss
- gametangia & sporangia are multicellular
- zygotes develop within parental tissues
6
Q
Water related restrictions for non vascular kingdom plantae plants
A
- Require water so sperm can swim to eggs
- Lack of vascular tissues limits height; water must be able get to top of plant on its own
- Spores are water (or wind) dispersed
7
Q
What phylums are apart of the non vascular kingdom plantae
A
- Phylum Hepaticophyta
- Phylum Anthocerophyta
- Phylum Bryophyta
8
Q
Phylum Hepaticophyta
A
- liverworts
9
Q
What are the two forms of Phylum Hepaticophyta
A
- thallid: leaf-like bodies, most common
- “leafy”: bodies composed of 3 leaf-like layers, less common
10
Q
Phylum Hepaticophyta (thallid)
A
- “leaves” 10 cells thick at margin, 30 at midrib
- Upper layer is composed of chambers
- Middle layer is composed of parenchyma
- Lower layer grows rhizoids
11
Q
Phylum Hepaticophyta (thallid) asexual reproduction
A
- gametophyte thallus creates gemma cups via mitosis; contain gemmae
- gemma is splashed out by rain
- new thallus by mitosis
12
Q
Phylum Hepaticophyta (thallid) sexual reproduction
A
- separate male and female gametophyte plants create either antheridiophores (male, tiny umbrellas) OR archegoniophores (female, tiny palm trees)
- gametangia create gametes:antheridia create spermarchegonia create 1 egg each
- raindrops stimulate sperm cell release
- sperm swim to archegonia
- fertilization creates zygote
- zygote → immature sporophyte; grows within archegonium via mitosis
- sporocytes in capsule create spores via meiosis 8. when sporophytes mature, capsule opens
- elater cells twitch to help with spore dispersal
- spores germinate and become male or female gametophyte plants
13
Q
Phylum Hepaticophyta (leafy)
A
- Leaf-like, but not actually leaves
- three layers: Top 2 layers are leaf-like thalli, Bottom layer: creates rhizoids that anchor the plant
14
Q
Phylum Anthocerophyta
A
- hornworts
- Gametophyte is leaf-like, very similar to liverwort
15
Q
Phylum Anthocerophyta Sporophyte anatomy
A
- foot: underneath surface; binds sporophyte to gametophyte
- meristem: growth region that extends sporophyte from base
- numerous stomata
16
Q
Phylum Bryophyta
A
- mosses
- leaf-like blades one cell thick, except at midrib
- no typical leaf structures
- attach to stem-like axis
- Root-like rhizoids anchor plant
- Water conduction occurs primarily outside of plant
- Gametophyte is green and “leafy”
17
Q
Phylum Bryophyta reproduction
A
- male and female gametangia are on the same plant (monoecious)
- sperm swim to archegonia and down neck canal 3. fertilization creates a zygote
- zygote creates foot for attachment (via mitosis) gametophyte provides nutrients
- zygote matures into sporophyte
- Sporophyte creates spores via meiosis
- operculum and calyptra fall off
- spores released through peristome
- spores germinate into filamentous protonema(algae-like)
- protonema grow, develop leafy buds
- rhizoids extend from base
- buds grow into gametophytes
18
Q
Phylum Bryophyta Sporophyte anatomy
A
- calyptra = tip of venter that remains on sporophyte as it grows upward
- seta = stalk
- capsule = at tip of stalk; produces spores
- operculum = protective lid
- peristome - mouthlike opening of capsule
19
Q
Seedless vascular plants Land adaptations
A
- fatty cuticle to reduce water loss
- gametangia & sporangia are multicellular
- zygotes develop within parental tissues
- vascular tissues: xylem and phloem (most) true roots, stems, and leaves
20
Q
Seedless vascular plants water restrictions
A
water still needed so sperm can swim to egg
21
Q
What phylums are apart of the seedless vascular kingdom plantae
A
- Sporophyte is dominant form
1. Psilophyta
2. Lycophyta
3. Equisetophyta
4. Polypodiophyta
22
Q
Phylum Psilophyta
A
- whisk ferns
- lack roots, rhizomes have rhizoids that act like root hairs
- lack leaves
- stem and epidermis are photosynthetic
- enations are little flaps/knobs that occur along stems
23
Q
Phylum Psilophyta Reproduction
A
- sporangia create spores by meiosis
- spores germinate into gametophyte plants
- monoecious gametophyte plant creates both archegonia and antheridia
- sperm swim to egg and fertilize within archegonium 5. sporophyte zygote does mitosis creates a foot and a rhizome
- rhizome creates vertical stems that are adult sporophyte plants
24
Q
Phylum Lycophyta
A
- club mosses
25
what are the three groups in Phylum Lycophyta
- ground pines
- spike mosses
- quillworts
26
Phylum Lycophyta ground pines
- little Christmas trees
- microphylls: leaves
- spread underground via rhizomes
27
Phylum Lycophyta ground pines reproduction
1. adult sporophyte creates cone-like strobili
2. strobili grow little leaves called sporophylls
3. sporangia grow in axils of sporophylls
4. sporocytes in sporangia create spores via meiosis
5. spores germinate into gametophyte plants
6. each gametophyte plant develops both archegonia AND antheridia
7. sperm swim to archegonia and fertilize eggs
8. sporophyte zygote does mitosis and grows into adult sporophyte plant
28
Phylum Lycophyta Spike mosses
- ~700 species in the genus Selaginella
- ligules: tongue-like appendages on each leaf
- create two different spore types: heterospory
29
Phylum Lycophyta Spike mosses reproduction
1. adult sporophyte creates strobili
2. strobili grow sporophylls
3. two types of sporangia grow in axils of sporophylls: microsporangia → small spores, megasporangia → large spores
4. spores escape sporangia
5. spores germinate when conditions allow
6. both gametophytes mature
7. sperm swim to archegonia and fertilize eggs
8. sporophyte zygote does mitosis and develops into adult sporophyte
30
Phylum Lycophyta Quillworts
- develop corms
- long-lived
- leaves have ligules at spoon-shaped bases
- frequently grow with roots under water
31
Phylum Lycophyta Quillworts reproduction
1. adult sporophytes heterosporous: microsporangia → microspores, megasporangia → megaspores
2. spores escape from sporangia
3. spores germinate in proper conditions
4. both gametophytes mature
5. sperm swim to archegonia and fertilize eggs
8. sporophyte embryo does mitosis and develops into adult sporophyte.
32
Phylum Equisetophyta
- horsetails
- reduced whorled leaves fused at nodes
- silica in epidermal cells
- longitudinal ribs along stem
- vascular tissue arranged in a ring
- pith in center disappears
- may spread via rhizomes that create adventitious roots
33
Phylum Equisetophyta reproduction
1. adult sporophyte creates strobili
2. strobili have sporangia supported by sporangiophores
3. sporangia create spores via meiosis
4. dispersed spores equipped with elaters that extend like wings; increased humidity causes elaters to coil, dropping spore out of the air
5. spores germinate into gametophyte plants
6. antheridia and/or archegonia are createdsome plants are monoecious, some are only male
7. sperm swim to archegonia and fertilize eggs
8. sporophyte zygote does mitosis and grows into adult sporophyte plant
34
Phylum Polypodiophyta
- ferns
- body may or may not have vertical stem
- often have pinnately compound leaves (fronds)
- each little blade is called a pinna
- rhizomes often used to spread underground
35
Phylum Polypodiophyta reproduction
1. adult sporophyte develops sori under frondssori = small clusters of sporangiaprotected by a flap called an indusium
2. mature sporangia burst, throwing spores to the wind 3. spores germinate and grow into heart-shaped gametophytes (prothalli)
4. prothalli create both antheridia and archegonia(monoecious)
5. sperm swim to archegonia to fertilize eggs
6. sporophyte zygote does mitosis and matures into adult sporophyte plant
36
what are the 4 phylums apart of Gymnosperms
- Pinophyta
- Cycadophyta
- Ginkgophyta
- Gnetophyta
37
what are the land adaptations for Gymnosperms
1. fatty cuticle to reduce water loss
2. gametangia & sporangia are multicellular
3. zygotes develop within parental tissues
- vascular tissues: xylem and phloem (most) true roots, stems, and leaves
- no water needed for fertilization
- seeds: waterproof capsules to protect sporophyte embryo
38
what are the land limitations for Gymnosperms
- depend on wind to move “sperm” to egg
| - depend on wind for seed dispersal
39
Phylum Pinophyta
- Coniferous woody plants: pine, cedar, spruce, redwood
| - Leaves modified into needles
40
Phylum Pinophyta Reproduction
- sporophyte is dominant
1. Adult sporophyte creates:
1a. Pollen cones (male) covered in microsporophylls AND
1b. Seed cones (female) covered in megasporophylls
2a. Microsporocytes in microsporangia create microspores by meiosis
2b. Megasporocytes in megasporangia create 4 megaspores by meiosis
3a. Microspores develop into pollen grains 4 cells + 2 air sacs (“wings”) each
3b. 3 megaspores die, remaining 1 becomes mature female gametophytecreates 2-6 archegonia, each with 1 egg
4. Pollen is carried by wind and sticks to “pollen drop”
5. Pollen is drawn to the top of the nucellus6. Pollen germinates
7. 1 cell dies and 1 cell creates sterile cell and spermatogenous cell
8. Spermatogenous cell creates 2 non-flagellated sperm
9. Pollen tube contacts archegonium
10. Sperm fertilizes egg
11. Zygote grows into embryo, then pauses
12. Integument of sporophyte develops into seed coat and wing
13. Seed flies off and germinates
41
Phylum Ginkgophyta
- Ginkgo trees
- sperm are flagellated: swim in pollen tube
- female ginkgos produce smelly, fleshy seeds
42
Phylum Cycadophyta
- Cycads
- huge strobili located in center of plant
- sometimes pollinated by beetles
43
Phylum Gnetophyta
- Gnetophytes
- monoecious or dioecious
- phylum synapomorphy: tracheid + vessels in xylem
44
Angiosperms
- flowering plants
- seeds and ovules surrounded by a carpel
- Major advancement: flowers
45
what are annuals
- produce flowers (and seeds) in 1 growing season
46
what are biennials
-in 2 growing seasons
47
what are perennials
- in more than 2 growing seasons
48
Inflorescence
group of flowers on a stalk
49
Peduncle
the stalk for an inflorescence
50
Pedicel
the stalk for an individual flower
51
Receptacle
swollen area at a base of flower to which various parts are attached
52
Sepal
- usually green, leafy protection of bud
| - collectively, called calyx
53
Petal
- usually showy, attracts pollinators
| - collectively, called corolla
54
Tepal
used when petals and sepals can’t be differentiated
55
Perianth
calyx + corolla
56
Bract
specialized leaf that may be colorful; same function as a petal
57
Stamen
male reproductive unit
58
Anther
pollen-bearing structure
59
Filament
thread-like stalk that holds up the anther
60
Carpel
female reproductive unit
61
Stigma
the pollen receiving structure
62
Style
holds up stigma
63
Ovary
contains ovule(s)
64
Ovule
sac with egg
65
simple Pistil
equal to a single carpel
66
compound pistil
multiple carpels fused together
67
Superior
ovary is above attachment of perianth
68
Inferior
ovary is below attachment of perianth
69
bilateral
1 plane of symmetry
70
biradial
2 planes of symmetry
71
radial
more than 2 planes of symmetry
72
Spike
flowers attached to peduncle more or less directly
73
Raceme
flowers attached to peduncle via pedicels
74
Simple umbel
pedicels originate at a single spot at end of peduncle
75
Compound umbel
peduncles end in rays, each have many pedicels attached at a single point
76
Head
flowers attached to a disk-shaped structure
77
Catkin
flowers attached to peduncle which hangs down from stem
78
Corymb
similar to simple umbel, but all flowers bloom in a single plane
79
Funnel
funnel-shaped
80
Salverform
narrow with fused petals, tube-like
81
Rotate
normal saucer/wheel shape
82
Bell-shaped
petals fused, but much broader than salverform
83
Urn-shaped
petals fused, opening is small, oval
84
2-lipped
bilateral symmetry, fused petals
85
Pea-like
- bilateral
- Banner petal: 1 upper petal partially divided
- Wing petals: 2 side petals
- Keel: 2 lower petals fused into one
86
What is a fruit?
- Mature ovary and accessory tissues
| - Seed-bearing
87
So what is a vegetable?
Any other part of the plant that one eats:stems, roots, flowers, and leaves
88
exocarp
the skin
89
mesocarp
fleshy part
90
endocarp
boundary between seed and mesocarpnot always distinguishable
91
pericarp
exocarp + mesocarp + endocarp
92
seed
- seed coat
- embryo
- endosperm - nutritive tissues
93
what are the 2 types of fruit?
- fleshy
| - Dry fruit
94
what is a fleshy fruit
- moist, juicy areas of mesocarp around seed
95
what is a drupe fleshy fruit
- simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed in a stony endocarp
96
berry fleshy fruit
compound fleshy fruit that contains more than 1 seed; endocarp and mesocarp very similar
97
true berry
fruit with thin skin and soft pericarppeppers, grapes, tomatoes
98
pepo berry
fruit with thick rindpumpkins, watermelons, cucumbers
99
hesperidium berry
fruit with leathery skin with aromatic oils
100
pome
- fruit developed from floral tube
| - papery endocarp
101
what is a dry fruit
mesocarp is dry at maturity
102
dehiscent fruits
split open at maturity
103
follicle
splits along 1 side or seam
104
legume
splits along 2 sides or seams
105
silique
splits along 2 sides, but seeds attach to structure in the middle
106
capsule
splits a variety of ways, seeds can be shaken out
107
indehiscent fruits
do not split open at maturity
108
achene
only base of seed attaches to pericarp, so seed is easily removed
109
nut
nut: similar to achene, but pericarp is much harder, often with fused bracts at base
110
grain
pericarp is inseparable from seed
111
samara
pericarp becomes a wing for dispersal
112
schizocarp
fruits are composed of 2 seeds that split apart when mature
113
simple composition
1 flower with 1 pistil
114
aggregate composition
1 flower with many pistils; mature as unit
115
multiple fruits
many flowers in an inflorescence fuse
116
Seed coat
protects against drying, bacteria, fungi
117
Cotyledons
food storage
118
plumule
-embryo shoot
119
Ranunculaceae
- aka buttercup
- annual
- shrub
- leaves: opposite or alternate
- inflorescence: single or raceme
- symmetry: radical
- bisexual
- fruit: achene, follicle, or berry
- ovary: superior
- most are poisonous
- some roots are editable
- some leave editable after boiling
120
Lauraceae
- aka laurels
- perennial
- trees
- leaves: simple, alternate
- inflorescence: umbel
- bisexual
- fruit: berry
- ovary: superior
- no petals
- whirled arrangement if flowers
- cold remedy
121
papaveraceae
- aka poppies
- annual and perennial
- tree and shrubs
- leaves: simple or compound, alternate
- inflorescence: single or raceme
- bisexual
- symmetry: radical, biracial, bilateral
- Fruit: dehiscent capsule
- ovary: superior
- used in baking and pharmaceuticals
122
Brassicaceae
- aka Mustards
- annual and perennial
- shrubs
- leaves: simple, alternate
- inflorescence: raceme
- bisexual
- symmetry: biracial
- Fruit: silique
- ovary: superior
- food
123
Roseaceae
- aka roses
- annual and perennial
- tree and shrubs
- leaves: simple or pinnately/palmately compound, alternate
- inflorescence: single or raceme
- bisexual
- symmetry: radical 5
- Fruit: pomes, achenes, drupes, follicles
- ovary: superior or inferior
- food and ornamental
124
Fabaceae
- 2nd largest dicot family
- aka Legumes
- annual and perennial
- tree and shrubs
- leaves: compound, alternate
- inflorescence: raceme, umbel, head or spike
- bisexual
- symmetry: bilateral "pea-like"
- Fruit: legume
- ovary: superior
- many food uses
125
Euphorbiaceae
- aka spurge
- annual and perennial
- tree and shrubs
- leaves: simple or palmately compound, alternate or opposite
- inflorescence: cyathium (small with males and females in cup)
- unisexual
- symmetry: radical
- Fruit: capsule
- ovary: superior
- no petals
126
Cactaceae
- aka cacti
- perennial
- tree and shrubs
- leaves: no leaves; spines attached to areole
- inflorescence: single
- bisexual
- symmetry: radical
- Fruit: some fleshy and some dry
- ovary: superior
- some edible, many ornamental
- native to north and South America only
127
Lamiaceae
- aka mint
- annual and perennial
- shrubs aromatic
- leaves: simple on squared stems, opposite
- inflorescence: spike like puff balls
- bisexual, z-lipped
- symmetry: radical, bilateral
- Fruit: nutlets indehiscent
- ovary: superior
- aromatic oils, cooking
128
solanaceae
- aka nightshade
- annual and perennial
- shrubs
- leaves: simple, alternate
- bisexual
- symmetry: rotate
- Fruit: berry or capsule
- ovary: superior
- many: poisonous, many: edible
129
Apiaceae
- aka carrots
- annual and perennial
- shrubs aromatic
- leaves: simple or complex, alternate
- inflorescence: compound umbel
- bisexual
- symmetry: radical
- Fruit: schizocarp
- ovary: inferior
- edible roots, food seasonings, few: poisonous
130
Cucurbitaceae
- aka pumpkins
- annual and perennial
- shrubs
- leaves: simple, alternate
- inflorescence: male: racemes, female: single
- unisexual
- symmetry: radical, bell shaped, rotate
- Fruit: capsule or berry
- ovary: inferior
- food or decoration
131
Asteraceae
- largest in the dicot family
- aka sunflowers
- annual and perennial
- shrubs and trees
- inflorescence: flowers on head
- bisexual, unisexual, sterile florets
- symmetry: radical, bilateral
- ovary: inferior
- no sepals; edible seeds, stems, buds, leaves; ornamental
132
poaceae
- aka grasses
- annual and perennial
- shrubs
- leaves: simple, alternate
- inflorescence: spikes
- bisexual
- fruit: grain
- ovary: not inferior or superior
- no perianth; usually wind pollinated; food; ornamental
133
Liliaceae
- aka lilies
- perennial
- shrubs
- leaves: alternate or whorled
- inflorescence: raceme single
- bisexual
- symmetry: radical or salver- form
- fruit: capsule or berry
- ovary: superior
- has tepals; ornamental; food: onion, asparagus
134
Orchidaceae
- largest flowering plant family
- aka orchids
- perennial
- shrubs
- leaves: alternate or opposite
- inflorescence: single, spike, or raceme
- bisexual
- symmetry: bilateral
- fruit: capsule
- ovary: inferior
- primarily ornamental; medicinal, has lip petal= pollinator "landing pad"
