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BCS 278 Social Neuroscience > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social-conventional norms

A

Arbitrary and consensually agreed upon behavioral uniformities that regulate social interactions within social systems

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2
Q

Moral norms

A

Acts that have intrinsic consequences for others’ rights or welfare that are judged to be categorically “right” or “wrong”

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3
Q

What age does intuitive sense of moral/social-conventional distinction come online?

A

4 years old

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4
Q

Moral transgression

A

Wrong because they affect others’ welfare, more serious

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5
Q

Social-conventional transgressions

A

Wrong because they create disorder, not as serious, can have good reasons to break

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6
Q

Moral judgment: source of info (3)

A
  1. Whether it feels right or wrong
  2. Whether society deems it right or wrong
  3. Whether the consequences of an action is likely to be net positive or net negative (utilitarian decision)
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7
Q

Moral intuition (emotion-based)

A

Based on automatic emotional evaluations or gut instincts

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8
Q

Moral reasoning (cognitive-based)

A

Deliberate attempt at reasoning through a problem; reliant upon controlled cognitive processes

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9
Q

What part of the brain is engaged during abstract reasoning, cognitive control, and problem-solving tasks?

A

DLPFC

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10
Q

More utilitarian judgment = ______ activity

A

DLPFC activity, relies on controlled cognitive processes

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11
Q

What brain region is a critical neural substrate for intuitive/affective, but not conscious/rational system for making moral judgment?

A

VMPFC- relies on explicit norms relating to maximizing people’s welfare, and reducing harm

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12
Q

What brain region is sensitive to differences and judges intentions? (ToM)

A

RTPJ

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13
Q

Pain network

A
  • Sensory aspects of pain experience (localization): SSC

- Affective/unpleasant aspects of pain experience: dACC, AI

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14
Q

What do lesions to dACC and AI affect/not affect?

A

Does not affect ability to localize pain, but results in patients reporting they are not bothered by pain

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15
Q

What do lesions to SSC affect/not affect?

A

Impair ability to localize pain, but leave the distress of the painful experience intact

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16
Q

Brain region involved in reward anticipation

A

Ventral striatum

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17
Q

Brain region involved in rewarding outcomes and experiences

A

VMPFC

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18
Q

Social reward and monetary reward commonly recruit…

A

Striatum

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19
Q

What brain region is uniquely involved in social reward?

A

MPFC; may involve representing how others perceive us

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20
Q

Making judgments about oneself vs. others recruits…

A

Nucleus accumbens

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21
Q

Cooperation vs. non-cooperation recruits… (3)

A
  1. OFC-coop. involves mental state attribution
  2. VS-coop. is rewarding
  3. SSC
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22
Q

Greater activation in _____ during support-giving (donating) vs. other conditions

A

VS

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23
Q

These 2 brain regions are activated for pure $ reward and decision to donate

A
  1. VTA

2. Striatum

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24
Q

Being treated unfairly associated with regions associated with pain/distress (1) and emotion regulation (2)

A
  1. Anterior insula

2. VLPFC

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25
Greater ____ activation associated with greater distress
ACC
26
Greater ____ activation associated with less distress
Ventral prefrontal
27
Trust and the amygdala
Unworthy faces activate amygdala, if there is damage then patients will rate faces as more trustworthy
28
Trust and the VMPFC
Patients with VMPFC damage are less trusting, implicated in long-term planning and long-term benefits of trust
29
Trust and the DMPFC and RTPJ
DMPFC recruited during trust game, higher initially when building trust and then declines once trust is est.
30
Deciding to break a promise recruits ______ and ______
ACC and DLPFC
31
What 2 things may interfere with the ability to envision the partner's emotional reaction to potential offers?
1. VMPFC lesions | 2. Testosterone
32
Disruption to right DLPFC
Increased acceptance rate of unfair offers despite similar perceptions of unfairness, more selfish
33
Social Identity Theory/Self-Categorization Theory
Shift from individual to the collective level, ingroup positivity and outgroup negativity
34
Minimal group paradigm
Assigning people to in-groups and out-groups based on trivial, random, and/or non-existent distinctions, produces discrimination in favor of in-group
35
More ______ activation associated with in-group bias
DMPFC
36
Stronger _____ activation for same race associated with stronger own race memory bias
FFA
37
Processing of race: other race vs. other-race
- Own: processed as individuals (subordinate level) | - Other: interchangeable representatives (superordinate level)
38
What part of the brain is associated with racial bias?
Amygdala
39
Role of FFA for ingroup bias
Does not reflect familiarity/expertise, but motivated individuation
40
Role of amygdala for ingroup bias
Motivational relevance and salience of members in current group context
41
Role of OFC for ingroup bias
Tracks subjective social value
42
Observing own team video trials vs. other team recruits _____
Left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), implicated in "mirroring"
43
Seeing pain in in-group vs. out-group
- In-group: AI (pain) | - Out-group: VS (pleasure)
44
Prejudice
Evaluations and emotional responses towards a group and its members based on (negative) preconceptions
45
Stereotype
Generalized characteristics ascribed to social groups, such as personal traits or circumstantial attributes
46
Prejudice network (5)
1. Amygdala 2. Insula 3. Striatum 4. OFC 5. Ventral MPFC
47
Prejudice: amygdala
- Learned threat response to (racial) outgroups rooted in fear-conditioning - Reflects goal-directed/approach-related motivation and attention towards members of the in-group
48
MPFC recruitment reflects _______ and _______
Humanization and empathy
49
Prejudice: insula
Subjective experience of negative affect, which often accompanies a prejudiced response
50
Prejudice: striatum
Positive attitudes and approach-related behavioral tendencies towards in-group members
51
Stereotyping networks (4)
1. DMPFC: impression formation 2. IFG: stereotype activation 3. ATL: social knowledge 4. Lateral temporal lobe: semantic and episodic memory
52
Regulation network (5)
1. dACC: conflict processing 2. MPFC: representation of interpersonal cues 3. rACC: monitoring external cues 4. DLPFC: response selection 5. IFG: response inhibition
53
Interventions for prejudice and stereotyping (2)
1. Target implicit prejudice | 2. Target cognitive control of behavior
54
Social cognition
Psychological processes that are involved in the perception, encoding, storage, retrieval, and regulation of info about other people and ourselves
55
Non-social cognition
Executive functions, attention, learning/memory
56
5 characteristics of SZ
1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized thinking (speech) 4. Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior 5. Negative symptoms (2 or more of the following with at least 1, 2, or 3-psychotic)
57
Schizotypal personality disorder
Personality disorder characterized by pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits; cognitive and perceptual distortions; eccentricities of behavior
58
Delusional disorder
1 month of delusions, but no other psychotic symptoms, and no marked impact on behavior/functioning
59
Brief psychotic disorder
Same criteria as SZ, but lasts between 1 day and 1 month
60
Schizoaffective disorder
A mood disorder and symptoms of SZ occur together with mood symptoms present for majority of time that SZ symptoms are present
61
Epidemiology
Study of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health conditions and events
62
Etiology
The cause or origin of a health condition
63
Prevalence
Total number of existing cases
64
Incidence
Number of new cases
65
Aberrant salience
Assigning inappropriate significance to innocuous stimuli
66
Clinical characteristics of ASD
- Social communication deficits | - Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior interest or activities
67
Weak Central Coherence (ASD)
Core deficit in central processing resulting in failure to extract global form/meaning; a processing bias for featural and local info, and relative failure to extract gist or "see the big picture" in everyday life
68
Extreme Male Brain (ASD)
Females have a stronger drive to empathize, males have stronger drive to systemize (analyze or construct rule-based systems), people with ASD shift toward masculine brain possibly due to increased exposure to fetal testosterone
69
Etiological Theory of SZ and ASD
- First hit: prenatal genetic and environmental disruptions | - Second hit: environmental factors
70
Brain structure of SZ
Reduced GMV in regions associated with social cognition (MPFC, STS/gyrus, TPJ, ATC)
71
Brain structure of ASD
Reduced GMV in precuneus and amygdala-hippocampal complex
72
Featural processing
Encoding specific elements (ex: eyes, nose, etc)
73
Configural processing
Encoding the relationships between features 1. First-order relational info: basic organization of the features of the face common to all faces 2. Second-order: specific spacing and distances between facial elements and holistic processing of those elements as an integrated representation
74
Inversion effect affects ______info but not ______ info
Affects configural info but not featural info
75
Face perception in SZ
- Reduced face inversion effect - Less reliance on configural info - Smaller fusiform gyrus volumes - Impaired occipital-temporal cortex
76
Face perception in ASD
- Mixed findings on inversion effect - Preserved configural processing and enhanced featural processing - Reduced fusiform gyrus activation and increased ITG activation
77
ToM in SZ
- Under-recruitment of MPFC and premotor cortex | - Over-recruitment of TPJ areas
78
ToM in ASD
Under-recruitment of MPFC, ACC, amygdala, and STS
79
There is empathy if (4)
1. One is in an affective state 2. State is isomorphic (identical) to another person's affective state 3. State is elicited by the observing/imagination of another person's affective state 4. One knows that the other person is the source of one's own affective state
80
Empathy in SZ
Less recruitment of: - IFG - Precuneus - Amygdala
81
Empathy in ASD
Mixed findings
82
Limitations to literatures on psychopathology
- Neuroimaging with small samples - Reverse inference - Contribution of non-social cognition - Disorders are heterogenous-replication with different patient samples unclear
83
3 general types of plasticity
1. Experience-independent 2. Experience-expectant 3. Experience-dependent
84
Experience-Independent
Not the result of external environmental changes or influences, brain produces rough neural structure
85
Experience-Excpectant
Brain uses input from external environment to effect normal developmental changes, ex: sensitive period for the development of visual cortex
86
Experience-Dependent
Result of modification to internal or external environment, ex: learning
87
Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP)
Helped social deprivation in Romania, evaluate causal effects, used randomized-controlled trial
88
Plasticity in grey or white matter after social deprivation?
White matter
89
Brain regions involved in city living (2)
1. Amygdala: negative affect, environmental/social threat | 2. ACC: components of stress regulation
90
Where is oxytocin synthesized/transported to/released?
Hypothalamus--> posterior hypothalamus--> posterior pituitary gland
91
OT influences _____ behavior, not _____ behavior
Approach, not reciprocity
92
What does OT affect in SZ?
Small positive effect on high-level social cognition
93
What does OT affect in ASD?
Small effect on ToM
94
Compassion=
Feeling for
95
Empathy=
Feeling with
96
Compassion vs. Empathy
- Empathy via pain network | - Compassion via reward, love, and affiliation network
97
Empathy training increases _______, which is reversed through _______
Negative affect, compassion training

BCS 278 Social Neuroscience (3 decks)

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