Exam 3

Question 1

Compare the molecules that CR1 complement receptors and CR2 receptors bind to.

Answer 1

CR1 binds to C3b

CR2 binds to C3d

Question 2

____is responsible for activation of IgAlpha/IgBeta and Syk Kinase.

Activation of PLCgamma ultimately results in production of _____ and ____

Activation of Ras/Rac ultimately results in production of ___

Answer 2

Blk

NFKappa B and NFAT

AP-1

Question 3

True or False:

T cells are needed to help B cells become short lived plasma cells. explain.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

For IL-15 state what type of cells it stimulates to develop in the thymus.

State what type of cells it maintains

State the type of cell and the type of proliferation it stimulates

Answer 4

IL15
Development of NK cells in the thymus

Maintains Memory lymphocytes

Stimulates a “suboptimal” T cell proliferation (bc it’s receptor shares a common gamma chain with IL-12)

Question 5

What does IL 23 do? (2 things)

Answer 5

IL-23: activates Th17 and is proinflammatory

Question 6

Th17 cells secrete what 2 cytokines in “Ratios”?

State what these 2 cytokines cause.

Answer 6

IL-17: Inflammation

IL-22: Controls homeostasis

(the ratio of these 2 determines the level, if any is present, of inflammation)

Question 7

What does TGFB do? (2 things)

Answer 7

TGFB:
Inhibition of T cell activation and
Differentiation of Treg cells

Question 8

CD25 is a marker for what cell type?

Answer 8

Treg cells

Question 9

What cell is CD28 found on and what is it’s function?

Answer 9

Found on T cells

serves as “signal 2” in the 3 steps of T cell activation

Question 10

CD56 is a marker for which cell type?

Answer 10

NKT cells

Question 11

CD1d molecules are found on what cell type and what is their function?

Answer 11

Found on APC’s and presents “Glycolipid Ags” to NKT cells

this causes NKT cells to release cytokines and express CD40L which activates the APC and other surrounding cells

Question 12

Compare direct and indirect activation of NKT cells

Answer 12

Direct Activation Pathway: iNKT cells recognize lipid-CD1d on the surface of a tumor cell and directly mediates the killing of the tumor cell (via release of IFNgamma that helps resident NK cells destroy the tumor)

Indirect Activation Pathway: iNKT cells recognize CD1d on the surface of TAMs(tumor associated macrophages) and the iNKT cell mediates the killing of the immunosuppressive TAM cells

Question 13

What is the function of CD44? what cell type expresses high levels of this?

Answer 13

CD44: mobilizes effector T cells by mediating “rolling” interactions

Expressed in high levels in Memory T cells

Question 14

State the effect that IFNgamma has on Macrophages and B cells respectively.

Answer 14

Classical activation of Macrophages

Promotes B cell isotype switching from IgM to IgG

Question 15

What effect does the combination of IL-13 and IL-14 have on macrophages?

Answer 15

activates them via the “alternative” method

Question 16

What type of T cells secrete IFNgamma, IL-13 and IL-14?

Answer 16

Th1 cells

Question 17

Compare the cells these are found on and what their function is
CD1d:
CD1c:

Answer 17

CD1d: molecules on APCs that present “lipids” to NKT cells

CD1c: molecules on APCs that present “DAMPs/PAMPs” to Nontraditional GammaDelta T cells

Question 18

What does CCL2 cause? give another name for this as well.

Answer 18

CCL2: (aka MCP-1) causes mixed leukocyte recruitment

Question 19

What does CCL5 cause? give another name for this as well.

Answer 19

CCL5: (aka RANTES) causes mixed leukocyte recruitment

Question 20

What does CCL19 cause? Give another name for this as well

Answer 20

CCL19: (aka MIP-3Beta) causes T cell and DC migration into the parafollicular zones of the LN

Question 21

What does CCL21 cause? give another name for this as well.

Answer 21

CCL21: (aka SLC) causes T cell and DC migration into the parafollicular zones of the LN

Question 22

What does CXCL8 cause? give another name for this as well.

Answer 22

CXCL8: (aka IL-8) causes neutrophil recruitment

Question 23

What does CXCL10 cause? give another name for this as well.

Answer 23

CXCL10: (aka IP-10) causes Effector T cell recruitment

Question 24

What does CXCL12 cause? give another name for this as well.

Answer 24

CXCL12: (aka SDF-1alphabeta) Homing naive B cells to LN’s

Question 25

What does CXCL13 cause? give another name for this as well.

Answer 25

CXCL13: (aka BCA-1) B cell and Follicular Helper T cell migration into follicles

Question 26

CD18 is an essential component for what? Deficiency in this causes what disease?

Answer 26

Integrins (such as LFA-1, CR3, and CR4) CD18 deficiency causes LAD (leukocyte adhesion deficiency) where WBCs are produced by cannot leave the bloodstream to find the infection site (build up in the blood with no outlet)

Question 27

True or False: MBL is synthesized by hepatocytes and induced by elevated levels of IL-9. explain.

Answer 27

False MBL is synthesized by hepatocytes and induced by elevated levels of IL-6 (NOT IL-9)

Question 28

State the term that the following describes antimicrobial peptides produced by neutrophils to cause direct toxicity to microbes

Answer 28

Cathelicidins

Question 29

HLA-DR and HLA-DQ represent 2 gene products of which class of MHC?

Answer 29

MHC class II (so they will present to CD4 helper T cells)

Question 30

State what the following PRRs detect ``` TLR1: TLR2: TLR3: TLR4: TLR5: TLR7: TLR8: TLR9: ```

Answer 30

``` TLR1: Bacterial Lipopeptides TLR2: Zymosan / Peptidoglycan / PG TLR3: ds Viral RNA TLR4: LPS TLR5: Bacterial Flagellin TLR7: ss RNA TLR8: ss RNA TLR9: Cpg DNA ```

Question 31

What bacteria type contains peptidoglycans? What about LPS? What 2 complement pathways do peptidoglycans and LPS activate?

Answer 31

Peptidoglycans are found on gram positive cells LPS is found on gram negative cells they stimulate the Classical and Alternative complement pathways.