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Foundations In Bio > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cilium

A

One of many short filamentous projections of some eukaryotic cells containing a core of microtubules used to move the cell as well as to circulate fluid or particles around the surface of a stationary cell

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2
Q

Extra cellular matrix

A

A complex fiber composite in which animal cells are embedded consisting of proteins and polysaccharides produced by cells

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3
Q

Primary cell wall

A

The outer most layer of a plant cell wall made of cellulose fibers and gelatinous polysaccharides that defines the shape of the cell and withstand the turgor pressure of the plasma membrane

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4
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

The second inner layer of a cell wall formed by certain plant cells as they mature and after they have stopped growing contains lignin and water conducting cells. provides support or protection

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5
Q

Epithelia

A

An animal tissue consisting of sheet like layers of tightly packed cells that line an organ, a gland, a duct or a body surface. also called epithelial tissue

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6
Q

ER signal sequence

A

A short amino acid sequence that marks a polypeptide for transport to the endoplasmic reticulum where synthesis of the polypeptide chain is completed and the signal sequence removed

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7
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretion of intracellular molecules contained with in membrane bound vesicles to the outside of the cell by fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane

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8
Q

Endocytosis

A

General term for any pinching off of the plasma membrane that results in the uptake of material from outside the cell

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9
Q

Microfilaments

A

A long fiber about 7 nm in diameter composed of two enter intertwined strands of polymerized actin protein, one of the three types of cytoskeletal fibers. involved in social movement. also called a microfilament

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10
Q

Microtubule

A

A long tubular fiber formed by polymerization of tubulin protein dimers; One of the three types of skeletal fibers. Involved and cell movement and transport of materials within the cell

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11
Q

Mitochondrion

A

A eukaryotic organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and is the site of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis

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12
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Central compartment of a mitochondrion, which is line by the inner membrane. contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes and enzymes for pyruvate processing and the citric acid cycle

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13
Q

Mitochondrial dna

A

A small circular chromosome that contains some of the genes that encode proteins and functional RNA molecules within mitochondria

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14
Q

Morphology

A

The overall shape and appearance of an organism and its component parts

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15
Q

Microfibril

A

A bundle of cellulose strands that serves as the fibrous component in plant cell walls

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16
Q

Nuclear pore complex

A

A large complex of about 30 proteins that form an opening in the nuclear envelope connecting the inside of the nucleus with the cytosol and allowing the free diffusion of small molecules and ions. also regulates transport of RNA and proteins

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17
Q

Nuclear localization signal

A

A short amino acid sequence that marks a protein for delivery to the nucleus

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18
Q

Nucleoid

A

In prokaryotic cells a dense centrally located region that contains DNA but is not surrounded by a membrane

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

In eukaryotic cells the large organelle containing the chromosomes and surrounded by a double membrane

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20
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

The double layered membrane enclosing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

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21
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

A lattice like sheet of fibrous nuclear lamins which are one type of intermediate filament. Lines the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope stiffening the envelope and helping to organize the chromosomes

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22
Q

Nucleolus

A

In eukaryotic cells a specialized structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA processing occurs and ribosomal subunits are assembled

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23
Q

Organelles

A

Any discrete membrane-bound structure within a cell that has a characteristic structure and function

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24
Q

Peroxisomes

A

An organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that contains enzymes for oxidizing fatty acid’s and other compounds including many toxins rendering them harmless

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25
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms
26
Plasmids
A small usually circular super coiled DNA molecule independent of the cells main chromosomes in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes
27
Plasmodesmata
Physical connections between two plant cells consisting of membrane line gaps in the cell walls through which the cells plasma membrane cytoplasm and smooth ER can connect directly.
28
Protein kinases
An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to another protein typically activating or in activating the substrate protein
29
Pandemic
The spread of infectious disease in a short time over a wide geographic area and often affecting a high proportion of the population
30
Proteases
An enzyme that can break up proteins by cleaving the peptide bonds between amino acid residues
31
Pectin
A gelatinous polysaccharide found in the primary cell walls of plant cells
32
Ribosomes
A large macromolecular Machine that synthesizes proteins by using the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA
33
Replicative growth
The process by which cells reproduce or viruses produce new virions
34
Signal receptor
Any cellular protein that binds to a particular signing molecule and triggers a response by the cell. Receptors for lipid insoluble signals are transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane. Those for a lipid soluble signals are often located in the cytosol
35
Signal transduction
The process by which a stimulus outside the cell is converted to an intra-cellular signal required for a cellular response.
36
Second messenger
A non protein signaling molecules produced or activated inside a cell in response to stimulation at the cell surface. Commonly used to relay the message of a hormone or other extracellular signaling molecule
37
Symbiosis
Any close and prolonged physical relationship between individuals of two different species
38
Tight junction
A type of cell cell attachment structure that links the plasma membrane’s of adjacent animal cells forming a barrier that restricts movement of substances in the space between the cells
39
Vacuole
A large organelle in plants and fungal cells that ordinarily is used for bulk storage of water pigments oil’s or other substances. Some vacuoles contain enzymes and have a digestive function similar to lysosomes in animal cells
40
Virus
And obligate intracellular parasite that is a cellular but uses host cell biosynthetic machinery to replicate
41
Virion
The infectious extracellular particle that is produced from a viral infection use for transmitting the virus between hosts. It consists of a DNA or RNA genome that is often enclosed within a protein shell (capsid) that may be further enveloped in a phospholipid bilayer
42
AIDS
A human disease characterized by death of immune system cells and subsequent vulnerability to other infections. Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
43
Bacteriophage
Any virus that infects bacteria
44
Centrosome
A structure that serves as a microtubule organizing center for the cytoskeleton and for the spindle apparatus during cell division.
45
Centrioles
One of two small cylindrical structures contained within the centrosome near the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
46
Cristae
Saclike invaginations of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Location of the ETC and atp synthase
47
Chromosome
Gene carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of double-stranded DNA and associated proteins.
48
Cytoskeleton
In eukaryotic cells a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that are involved in cell shape support locomotion and transport of materials within the cell. Prokaryotic cells have a similar but much less extensive network of fibers
49
Cytosol
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm excluding the contents of membrane enclosed organelles
50
Cell wall
A fibrous layer found outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria and Archaea and many eukaryotes
51
Cytoplasm
All the contents of a cell bounded by the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus
52
Capsid
A shell of protein enclosing the genome of a virus particle
53
Desmosome
A type of cell cell attachment structure in animals consisting of cadherins and other proteins anchored to intermediate filaments. Serves to link the cytoskeleton of adjacent cells and form a strong intercellular attachments throughout a tissue
54
Endosymbiosis theory
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes that were engulfed by host cells and took up a symbiotic existence within those cells a process termed primary Endosymbiosis.
55
ER
A network of interconnected membranous Saxon tubules found inside eukaryotic cells that functions in the synthesis of lipids and proteins that reside in the Endomembrane system, the plasma membrane or are secreted from the cell
56
Endomembrane system
A system of organelles and eukaryotic cells that synthesizes, processes, transports and recycles proteins and lipids. Includes the ER, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes
57
Endosymbiosis
And association between organisms of two different species in which one lives inside the cell or cells of another
58
Epidemic
The spread of an infectious disease throughout the population in a short time
59
Envelopes (Viral)
A membrane that encloses the captain of some viruses often include specialized proteins that attached a host cell surfaces
60
Fimbria
A long needle like projection from the cell membrane of bacteria that is involved in attachment to non-living services or other cells
61
Glyoxysomes
Specialized type of paroxysm found in plant cells impact with enzymes for processing the products of photosynthesis
62
Genes
A section of DNA or RNA that contains the regulatory sequences and coding information for the transcription of one or more related functional RNA molecules some of which and encode polypeptides
63
Flagellum
Along cellular projection that undulates (euk) or rotates (pro) to move the cell through an aqueous environment
64
Golgi apparatus
A eukaryotic organelle consisting of stacks of flattened membranous sacs that functions and processing and sorting proteins and lipids Dustin to be secreted or directed to other organelles
65
Gap junctions
A type of cell cell attachment structure that directly connects the cytosol of adjacent animal cells allowing passage of water ions and small molecules between the cells
66
Hormone
Any of many different signaling molecules that circulate throughout the plant or animal body and can trigger characteristic responses in distant target cells at very low concentrations
67
Host cell
A cell that can be invaded by a parasitic organisms or a virus and provide an environment that is conductive to the growth and reproduction of the organism or the replication of the virus
68
HIV
A retrovirus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome and humans
69
Helper T cell
Promotes the activation of leukocytes
70
Rough ER
The portion of the ER that is Dotted with ribosomes. involved in synthesis Of plasma membrane proteins, secreted proteins and proteins localized to the ER Golgi, apparatus and lysosomes
71
Smooth ER
Portion of ER that lacks attached ribosomes. involved in synthesis and secretion of lipids
72
Lumen
The interior space of any hollow structure or Organ
73
Cisternae
Flattened membrane bound compartments that make up the Golgi apparatus
74
Lysosome
A small acidified organelle in an animal cell containing enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reaction’s and can digest large molecules
75
Lytic cycle
A type of viral replication of growth in which the production and release of virions kills the host cell
76
Lysogeny
A dormant state of coexistence with the host cell during which no New virions are produced. the viral genetic material is replicated as a host cell replicates BACTERIA
77
Latency
A dormant state of coexistence with the host cell during which no new virions are produced the viral genetic material is replicated as a host cell replicates ANIMALS
78
Antibodies
A protein produced by B cells that can bind onto a specific part of an antigen marking it for removal by the immune system
79
Antiviral
Any drug or other agent that can interfere with the transmission or replication of viruses

Foundations In Bio (3 decks)

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