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PSYC 350 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of obsession

A

Recurrent intrusive thought, impulse or image that causes anxiety and can’t be dismissed or put out one’s mind

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2
Q

common themes of obsession

A

Aggression, contamination, religious/blasphemy, pathological doubt/loss, sexuality, symmetry

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3
Q

definition of compulsion

A

Repetitive action (ritual) person feels compelled to do, interferes with function & cause clinical stress

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4
Q

what’s required for DSM diagnosis of OCD

A

either obsession or compulsion

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5
Q

OCPD

A

personality disorder people are perfectionist, anal, controlling, neat-freaks

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6
Q

ACC and OCD

A

dysfunction leads to sense that something is always wrong (compulsions seek to relieve this anxiety)

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7
Q

serotonin and OCD

A

increased serotonin production can calm the ACC down

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8
Q

exposure & ritual prevention treatment for OCD (response rate)

A

86% response

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9
Q

antidepressant treatment of OCD (response rate)

A

40% response

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10
Q

PANDAS

A

immune system can get so aggressive getting rid of strep, it can attack basal ganglia (attention fixation) and its inhibitory circuits; link to OCD

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11
Q

definition of trauma

A

Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence

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12
Q

major symptoms of PTSD

A

intrusion, avoidance, altered cognition/mood, hyperarousal (SNS)

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13
Q

prevalence rate of PTSD

A

7%

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14
Q

heritability of PTSD

A

genetic vulnerability explains 30% of incidences

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15
Q

adverse childhood experience study

A

more adverse events as a child, greater chance for issues in adulthood; shorter life expectancy for 6 or more traumatic experiences

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16
Q

epigenetic changes

A

early experience of trauma changes brain and sometimes permanently sensitizes fight/flight/freeze response

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17
Q

predictors of PTSD

A

lack of social support, perceived severity, use of physical violence in trauma, DSM comorbidity

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18
Q

benign world schema

A

if a person believes the world is a safe place experiences trauma, they face a greater risk of PTSD because traumatic event shatters their worldview

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19
Q

psychological predictor of suicidality

A

hopelessness

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20
Q

four elements of suicide risk assessment

A

ideation, intent, plan, means

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21
Q

social contagion

A

increased risk of suicide after a high-profile suicide

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22
Q

sleep architecture and depression

A

increased REM sleep, decreased slow-wave sleep (repairing to brain, replenishing of resources takes place during slow-wave sleep)

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23
Q

Left frontal cortex and depression

A

reduced left frontal activity (reduced initiative/drive to achieve goals)

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24
Q

inflammation and depression

A

cortisol short-term release is anti-inflammatory, but chronic cortisol elevation- loss of cortisol sensitivity- inflammation- immune system attacks body and brain (BDNF) - shutdown

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25
BDNF and depression
found in hippocampus, responsible for memory consolidation; long-term cortisol release destroys BDNF/forming of new neurons
26
CRH (master protein)
Regulates neurotransmitter function in brain, coordinates stress response
27
serotonin
social drive, stress response, amygdala, anterior cingulate
28
dopamine
pleasure/reward, goal-directed activity, initiative, motivation (also Glutamate, norepinephrine, acetylcholine)
29
Beck's cognitive model of depression
negative event - automatic thoughts( involuntary negative interpretation) + logical errors (give rise to automatic thoughts; all or nothing) + schemas (core beliefs, taken as a given; I'm unlovable) - depression
30
SSRIs
Prozac (fluoxetine), Paxil (paroxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), Celexa (citalopram), Lexapro (escitalopram)
31
SNRIs
Effexor (venlafaxine), Pristiq (desvenlafaxine), Cymbalta (duloxetine)
32
efficacy rates of antidepressants
full recovery 25-35%, favorable response 40-60%; meds beat placebo in fewer than half of studies
33
omega 3
part of TLC; anti-inflammatory, has antidepressant qualities
34
bright light therapy
10,000 lux
35
environmental mutation model
humans lived in hunter gatherer conditions for 99% of human existence, modern day Kaluli people rarely get depressed; the more modern a society, the higher rate of depression
36
depression symptoms
depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure in activities, change in sleep, change in weight/appetite, loss of energy, psychomotor retardation (or agitation), excessive guilt or worthlessness, concentration difficulty, suicidality
37
serotonin transporter gene
determines how much serotonin a person will have; Short version of allele gene: less serotonin transporters Long=protective, short = risk (SS has highest risk)
38
diathesis stress model
innate vulnerability + stressors could trigger onset of depression
39
perimenopause
drastic hormonal changes (levels of estrogen) increase women's likelihood of onset of depression
40
symptoms of mania
1 week or more of elevated/irritable mood, & increased energy/activity & 3 or more of: Grandiosity/inflated self-esteem (e.g., may think they are God) Decreased need for sleep (0-4 hours a night) Pressured speech; extreme talkativeness Racing thoughts/flight of ideas Extreme distractability
41
hypomania
symptoms of mania, but less severe and no functional impairment
42
mixed episode
symptoms of both mania and depression
43
Bipolar I
mania (with or without depression history), more disabling
44
Bipolar II
hypomania (with depression history)
45
suicidality and bipolar
At least 12% (1/8) of people with bipolar- 3 times higher than unipolar depression
46
heritability and bipolar
strong genetic contribution: heritability quotient > 70%
47
divergent thinking
start with something you know and take it somewhere new, novel
48
convergent thinking
connecting two distinct ideas in a novel way
49
amygdala and bipolar
excessive reactivity (intensity of emotion)
50
glutamate and bipolar
mania: this neurotransmitter is out of control in the left frontal cortex more so than the right (left>right) depression: vice versa (left
51
lithium
treatment for bipolar; 1 year full remission rate 30-40% (not much higher than placebo)
52
anticonvulsants
Lamictal, Trileptal, Topamax
53
atypical antipsychotics
Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Geodon, Abilify
54
kindling hypothesis
Robert Post: Each episode of depression/mania is neurotoxic (brain damaging); over time, episodes get more easily triggered and more severe
55
Type III Bipolar
mania induced by drugs (antidepressants, stimulants, etc)
56
Triggers for mania/hypomania
sleep deprivation, major life events, light
57
Rapid cycling
4+ episodes in a year (12 month period)
58
ultra-rapid cycling
episodes occur every few days or weeks (multiple times per month or per week)
59
Percent of people with Bipolar Disorder on disability/welfare
40%
60
Percent of people with Bipolar Disorder unemployed
50%
61
Parasuicidality
self-harm behavior
62
What is anhedonia?
Loss of interest/pleasure in activities
63
Depression Sub-types
A. Melancholic (neuro-vegetative symptoms: anergia, anhedonia, diurnal mood variation) B. Atypical (hypersomnia, weight gain, anxiety) C. Psychotic (delusions or hallucinations – only present during depressive episode)
64
How many suicide attempts are lethal?
only about 1/8 suicide attempts lethal
65
What percent of suicides involve firearms?
Over 50% of all suicides
66
Reproductive hormones and depression
1. Estrogen modulates serotonin fx, sharp drops --> depression 2. Progesterone ~ Allopregnanolone modulates GABA -> lowers anxiety 3. Testosterone --> hits multiple transmitters --> lowers anxiety & depression
67
Psychodynamic Model of Depression
For Freud, depression = “anger turned inward” | Personality factors: oral or anal fixation --> dependency, perfectionism
68
Cognitive Model of Depression
Beck’s model: depression caused by negatively biased thoughts • Automatic thoughts – involuntary negative interpretation of events • Logical errors – give rise to automatic thoughts (ex: “all-or-nothing thinking”) • Schemas – core beliefs, taken as a given (“I’m a loser; No one will ever love me”)

PSYC 350 (3 decks)

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