exam 3 Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
what constitutes the core of a virus?
A
proteins (enzymes) genetic material (DNA and RNA)
2
Q
what constitutes the covering of a virus?
A
capsid (protein)
envelope (lipid envelope that surrounds capsid, not always present)
3
Q
what is the potential genetic material found in viruses?
A
purines- adenine & guanine
pyrimidines- thymosin & cytosine, uracil replaces thymosin in RNA
4
Q
what effect do viruses have on cells?
A
cell destruction- start to see symptoms
cell alteration- does not interfere with cell activity, recognizes as foreign and attacks
cellular transformation- does not respond to normal growth control- does not stop growing (tumors)
5
Q
shapes of viruses
A
bullet shaped spherical helical icosahedral complex
6
Q
what is a bacteria virus
A
bacteriophage
7
Q
steps in viral infection cycle
A
- adsorption- attachment to cell, specific proteins on virus attach to specific proteins on cell wall
- penetration- enveloped virus- fusion of membrane, envelop of virus fuses with cell membrane. naked virus- endocytosis, comes around cell, cell now in a vesicle
3 .release of viral genetic material- uncoat capsid to release genetic material from cytoplasm (endocytosis- enzymes and pH break down capsid) - steps in nucleic acid replication and protein synthesis- virus comes into cell and makes copies of self to make more of virus. need proteins to make genetic material
- assembly of viral particle- need to make capsid around genetic material
6.release of infectious viral particle- enveloped-lyse, naked- buds off
8
Q
how to make copies of Double stranded or single stranded DNA
A
- More DNA
- Make mRNA (transcription)
- Make proteins (translation)
9
Q
how to make copies of Positive ss RNA
A
(don’t have to make mRNA because already there)
- Make more copies of positive single stranded RNA (mRNA)- genetic material (transcription)
- Make proteins (translation)
10
Q
how to make copies of Negative ss DNA
A
- Have to make it positive
- Make -ssRNA (genetic material)
- Make mRNA (transcription)
- mRNA Makes proteins (translation)
11
Q
how to make copies of Double stranded RNA
A
- Make copies of dsRNA (genetic material)
- Make mRNA (transcription)
- mRNA makes proteins (translation)
12
Q
Poxiviridae enveloped or naked?
A
enveloped
13
Q
Poxiviridae genetic material
A
ds DNA
14
Q
ds DNA viruses
A
poxiviridae
herpesviridae
adenoviridae
papovaviridae
15
Q
diseases in poxiviridae
A
smallpox
monkey pox
Molluscum contagiosum
16
Q
smallpox symptoms
A
rash, pussy lesions, blisters
17
Q
smallpox transmission
A
respiratory
close face to face contact, bodily fluids
fomites
18
Q
smallpox prevention
A
- variolation- mild form injected into skin
- use cowpox (vaccinia)- for military because they are scared it could be used as a bioweapon
- quit giving it to people because cannot get from wild
19
Q
how did smallpox get eradicated?
A
- ring vaccination method, vaccinate those around infected
- easy to administer and no refrigeration needed
20
Q
how long is smallpox contagious for?
A
until blister falls off
21
Q
what are the side effects of the smallpox vaccine
A
sore arm, fever, body aches
22
Q
should an immunocompromised receive the vaccine for smallpox?
A
no it could cause them to get disease
23
Q
does the smallpox vaccine require the virus?
A
no, uses another virus called vaccinia
24
Q
monkeypox transmission
A
close contact
bite of an animal
25
does monkeypox infect humans? what are some of the symptoms?
yes, rash, pussy blisters
26
preventative measure for monkey pox
use vaccinia virus
| wash hands
27
Molluscum contagiosum symptoms
pearly lesions (virus stays in upper layer of skin)
28
Molluscum contagiosum transmission
contact with lesion
| fomite
29
treatment for Molluscum contagiosum
freeze, pop of lesion with scalpal
| -do have oral drugs and ointment to reduce
30
herpesviridae diseases
```
herpes simplex 1
herpes simplex 2
varicella-zoster
epstein barr
kaposi's sarcoma
```
31
herpesviruses enveloped or naked?
enveloped
32
herpesviruses genetic material
ds DNA
33
herpesvirus is considered a latent disease. what does this mean?
stays dormant, comes out during a flare up. virus gets into dna and stays there forever
34
symptoms of HSV1
fever blister on lip
35
transmission of HSV1
oral secretions, sores on lip
36
where does HSV1 remain latent?
trigeminal nerve
37
treatment for HSV1 fever blisters?
Acyclovirs-
Valacyclovir (pill)
penciclovir (ointment)
38
symptoms of HSV2
painful lesions on genitals
39
transmission of HSV2
sexually
40
are condoms effective against preventing infection of HSV2?
no, they may not cover it because you dont need to see blisters to be infectious
41
treatment for HSV2
Acyclovirs to surpress
- valacyclovir helps prevent lesions
- topical has no benefit
42
varicella (chickenpox) symptoms
starts as itchy rash, blister lesions form on trunk face and limbs
43
transmission of chickenpox
close contact with those infected with chickenpox or shingles
44
complications of chickenpox
can cause infection from scratching (meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia)
45
treatment of chickenpox
- varivax vaccine (attenuated form)
- acyclovirs
- do not take aspirin (Reyes' syndrome)
46
symptoms for zoster (shingles)
painful blister lesions on trunk, seeping chickenpox virus
47
what is the requirement for having shingles?
must have had chickenpox before
48
treatment for shingles
- valcyclovir, methyl glyoxal (Manuka honey)
| - vaccine: zostavax (65% effective), shingrix (>90% effective)
49
how are chickenpox and shingle related?
shingles can cause chickenpox
50
Epstein Barr (mononucleosis) symptoms
inflamed liver, spleen, throat, lymph nodes
51
what percent of adult have been infected with Epstein Barr
95%
52
transmission of Epstein barr
bodily fluids
53
what is the relationship between Epstein Barr and burkitt's lymphoma
can get burkitt's lymphoma from mono
54
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
kissing disease, drinking out of same glass as someone with mono
55
burkitt's lymphoma symptoms
- swelling in lymph region in jaw
| - in people who have been exposed to malaria
56
adenoviridae enveloped or naked
naked
57
adenoviridae genetic material
ds DNA
58
what diseases are caused by adenoviridae
common cold, croup, pneumonia, bronchitis, gastroenteritis (diarrhea), conjunctivitis (pink eye)
59
HHV6
roseola- rash looks like rose
60
HHV8
kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus
61
transmission of adenoviridae
coughing, sneezing
eating food
fomites
swimming pools
62
prevention of adenoviridae
wash hands, use tissue when sneeze or cough
63
papovaviridae enveloped or naked
naked
64
papovaviridae genetic material
ds DNA
65
diseases in papovaviridae fam
papilloma virus
polyoma virus
vacuolating virus
66
symptoms for human papilloma virus
warts, can cause cervical warts which lead to cancer
67
transmission of papilloma virus
sexually, touching wart
68
prevention of papilloma
gardasil, must be vaccinated before exposure
69
polyoma virus
monkey virus- SV40
can cause polio?
maybe cause tumors in humans
70
vacuolating virus
plant viruses
71
parvoviridae enveloped or naked
naked
72
parvoviridae genetic material
ss DNA
73
disease in parvoviridae
canine parvovirus
| B19: fifth disease
74
symptoms in canine parvoviridae
heart problems in puppies
| diarrhea
75
treatment for canine parvoviridae
vaccine for puppies
| disease is contagious
76
symptoms of fifth disease
runny nose
| red rash on cheeks
77
transmission of fifth disease
nasal secretions
78
virus in fifth disease
B19
79
why is fifth disease called slapped cheeks syndrome?
red rash on cheek
80
prevention of fifth disease
no vaccine, so wash hands
81
hepadnaviridae enveloped or naked
enveloped
82
hepadnaviridae genetic material
ds and ss DNA- gapped
83
disease in hapadnaviridae
Hepatitis B
84
symptoms of Hep B
inflammation of liver, jaundice
85
transmission of Hep B
bodily fluids, blood
86
prevention for Hep B
recombinant vaccine (just getting one protein from virus)
- need three doses for full protection
- Engerix B / Recombivax HB
87
ss postive sense RNA virus families
```
Picornaviridae
Togaviridae
Flaviviridae
Coronaviridae
calciviridae
```
88
diseases in Picornaviridae family
```
rhinoviruses
poliovirus
enterovirus D68
accuse flaccid myelitis
hand foot and mouth
Hepatitis A
foot and mouth
```
89
picornaviridae enveloped or naked
naked
90
picornaviridae genetic material
ss postive sense RNA
91
symptoms of rhinovirus / acute nasopharyngitis
runny nose, sneezing, cough, stuffy nose
92
preventative measures for the common cold
wash hands, no vaccine
| relieve symptoms with antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, decongestants, and cough suppressants
93
why is there no vaccine for rhinoviruses?
more than 200 strains
94
alternative treatments for common cold
zinc, magnesium, sweat it out, eat certain soup
95
how does the cold virus attach to respiratory cells?
endocytosis
96
how is polio transmitted
by injecting contaminated water or food
97
in what group of viruses is SV40 associated with
???
98
in what family of viruses is the coxsackie virus found
picornaviridae
99
symptoms of foot and mouth
foot lesions/hooves, blisters in mouth- excessive salivation, loss of appetite, utter lesions- drop in milk production
100
prevention of foot and mouth
disinfectant
101
transmission of foot and mouth
inhalation, ingestion, reproduction, direct contact
102
what type of animals does foot and mouth effect
clovenhooved animals
103
symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis
droopiness of limbs, paralysis
104
transmission of acute flaccid myelitis
virus
105
prevention of acute flaccid myelitis
wash hands, can only treat symptoms
106
symptoms of enterovirus D68
flu like
107
transmission of enterovirus D68
respiratory secretions, mucus, saliva
108
prevention of enterovirus D68
avoid close contact with infected individuals
109
symptoms of hand foot and mouth
Sores in mouth, rashes on hands and feet, fever, loss of appetite
110
transmission of hand foot and mouth
Respiratory secretions, skin-to-skin, contact with fluid from blisters
111
prevention of hand foot and mouth
Good hygiene (wash hands, disinfect living spaces)
112
symptoms of Hep A
jaundice, swollen liver
113
transmission of Hep A
fecal/oral
114
preventions of Hep A
Wash hands, get vaccinated
Vaccines:
HAVRIX, VAQTA- single antigen
TWINRIX-combine Hep A and Hep B
115
Togaviridae enveloped or naked
enveloped
116
Togaviridae genetic material
ss RNA positive sense
117
viruses in Togaviridae family
measles / Rubella
| Chikungunya
118
since rubella usually causes a mild childhood illness why is the vaccine so encouraged
can cross placenta
| has measles, mumps, and rubella virus in vaccine??
119
symptoms of Rubella
rash on body that typically lasts 3 days
120
transmission of rubella
respiratory droplets
121
prevention of rubella
MMR vaccine
122
symptoms of chikungunya
joint pain
123
transmission of chikungunya
mosquito bites
124
prevention of chikungunya
avoid mosquitos
125
Flaviviridae enveloped or naked
enveloped
126
Flaviviridae genetic material
SSRNA positive sense
127
viruses in Flaviviridae family
west nile virus
zika virus
yellow fever
hepatitis c
128
symptoms of west nile virus
neck stiffness, paralysis, headache, fever
129
transmission of west nile virus
by blood through infected moquitos, blood transfusion/ organ transplant with infected blood
130
prevention of west nile virus
avoid mosquitos
131
where was west nile virus first discovered
uganda
132
prior to the emergence of west nile virus what was the most common form of encephalitis in the US
saint louis encephalitis ???
133
symptoms of zika virus
rash, joint pain
134
transmission of zika virus
Mosquito bites, transmitted by sexual contact, from a pregnant woman to fetus (birth defects)
135
prevention of zika virus
avoid mosquitos
136
describe vaccine being used for west nile virus
DNA vaccine- has premembrane/membrane proteins and envelope proteins
137
symptoms of yellow fever
jaundice
138
transmission of yellow fever
infected mosquitos
139
prevention of yellow fever
rest, fluid, pain relievers, vaccine
140
symptoms of Hepatitis c
jaundice
141
transmission of hepatitis c
dirty needles, blood, born with it from mother
142
prevention of hepatitis c
no vaccine, antiviral medications to reduce
143
Coronaviridae enveloped or naked
enveloped
144
coronaviridae genetic material
SSRNA positive sense
145
viruses in coronaviridae family
cold viruses
SARS
MERS
146
symptoms of cold viruses
sneeze, sore throat, stuffy nose, cough due to nasal drip
147
transmission of cold viruses
touching surfaces
148
prevention of cold viruses
no vaccine
| wash hands
149
symptoms of SAR
respiratory, fever
150
transmission of SARS
respiratory droplets
151
prevention of SARS
no vaccine
| virus has gone away
152
symptoms of MERS
respiratory
153
transmission of MERS
close contact, respiratory droplets
154
prevention of MERS
no vaccine
155
Calciviridae enveloped or naked
naked
156
calciviridae genetic material
SSRNA positive sense
157
viruses in calciviridae family
norwalk-like virus
158
when was SARS first recognized
2003
159
what was the animal source for SARS
bat, thought It was civet cat
160
symptoms of Norwalk like virus
vommiting, diarrhea, dehydration
161
transmission of Norwalk like virus
fecal/oral
162
prevention of Norwalk like virus
rehydration therapy, washing hands after bathroom
163
Orthomyxoviridae enveloped or naked
enveloped
164
orthomyxoviridae genetic material
SSRNA negative anti-sense
165
orthomyxoviridae virus is a segmented virus. what does this mean? how many segements
genetic material is in pieces, 8
166
there are three major serotypes what does this mean and which are we most concerned with
different strains, A & B effect humans
167
what does hemagglutinin do?
functions in attachment
168
what does neuraminidase do?
helps in penetration and budding off
169
what does H1N1 mean
has type Hemagglutinin 1 Neuraminidase 1
170
how are strains named?
serotype/host/place/ID#/Year found/HA and NA
171
antigenic drift
subtle changes with each subtype (single mutation)
172
antigenic shift
major changes
173
symptoms of orthomyxoviridae
abrupt onset, muscle aches, fever chills
174
transmission of orthomyxoviridae
direct respiratory droplet spread
175
prevention of orthomyxoviridae
vaccine
176
complications of flu
secondary bacterial infection, pneumonia- interferes with clearance mechanisms, cilia wont function as well
177
when and where is the decision made for the components of the flu vaccine
made by WHO, meet in february
178
what considerations are made for the selection of the viruses in vaccine
- influenza viruses in circulation
- how they are spreading
- do current vaccine strains protect agains new strains
- is a goof vaccine strain available the would provide protection
179
what drugs are now available to treat influenza, how do they work?
-Zanamivir / Relenza- neuraminidase inhibitor
- Oseltamivir / Tamiflu- neuraminidase inhibitor
-Peramivir / rapivab- neuraminidase inhibitor
-Amantidine hydrochloride- inhibits viral uncoating (interferes with viral protein M2)
Must be taken right away or wont work
180
what is H5N1 and why are we so concerned about it
subtypes not circulated in humans
181
what was H1N1 and why were we so concerned about it
had not circulated in a long time
182
Landsteiner
first one to find polio
183
Salk
invented inactivated vaccine with fermaldehyde for polio
184
Sabin
invented attenuated oral vaccine for polio
185
Enders
grew polio in non-neural tissue
186
infection cycle for flu
1. Attachment- Hemagglutinin binds to mucoprotein receptor
2. Penetration- Neuraminidase inactivates the mucoprotein receptor sites (aids in endocytic process)
3. Release of viral genetic material- M2 ion channel allows H+ ions in capsid (changes pH)- weakens M1 matrix protein
4. Nucleic acid replication and protein synthesis- Copying of (-) RNA genome for genetic material, Production of mRNA to produce proteins
5. assembly of viral particle- make capsid around genetic material
6. Release of infectious viral particle- Buds off from plasma membrane- Neuraminidase aids in budding
