Exam 3

Question 0

A theory developed in the early 20th century that described the form and structure of organizations.

Answer 0

Classical theory of organizations

Question 1

A coordinated group of people who perform tasks to produce goods or services, colloquially referred to as a company.

Answer 1

Organization

Question 2

The concept that organizations should be divided into units that perform similar functions.

Answer 2

Functional Principle

Question 3

The concept that organizations are structured by a chain of command that grows with increasing levels of authority.

Answer 3

Scalar principle

Question 4

The concept that each subordinate should be accountable to only on supervisor.

Answer 4

Unity of command

Question 5

The concept of differentiating organizational work into primary and support functions.

Answer 5

Line/staff principle

Question 6

Organizational work that directly meets the major goals of an organization.

Answer 6

Line functions

Question 7

Organizational work that supports line activities.

Answer 7

Staff functions

Question 8

The concept that refers to the number of subordinates a manager is responsible for supervising.

Answer 8

Span-of-control principle

Question 9

A theory developed in the 1950’s that described psychological or behavioral issues associated with organizations.

Answer 9

Neoclassical theory of organizations

Question 10

The arrangement of work functions within an organization designed to achieve efficiency and control.

Answer 10

Structure

Question 11

The human components of a work organization that influence the behavior of individuals and groups.

Answer 11

Social System

Question 12

A set of expectations about appropriate behavior in a position.

Answer 12

Role

Question 13

The product of perceptual differences regarding the content of a person’s role or the relative importance of its elements.

Answer 13

Role Conflict

Question 14

The conflict experienced in a role as a necessity to compromise either the quantity or quality of performance.

Answer 14

Role overload

Question 15

A set of shared group expectations about appropriate behavior

Answer 15

Norm

Question 16

The language, values, attitudes, beliefs, and customs of an organization.

Answer 16

Culture

Question 17

The process by which an organization reduce its number of employees to achieve greater overall efficiency.

Answer 17

Downsizing

Question 18

Outsourcing

Answer 18

The process of eliminating jobs within the organization by having those work functions contracted to other organizations.

Question 19

Offshoring

Answer 19

The process of elimination jobs within the organization by which having those work functions performed in cheaper labor markets overseas (offshore).

Question 20

The joining or combining of two organizations of proximately equal status and power.

Answer 20

Organizational Merger

Question 21

The process by which one organization acquires or subsumes the resources of a second organization.

Answer 21

Acquisition

Question 22

Organizational change

Answer 22

The methods by which organizations evolve to become more adaptive to pressing economic and social conditions.

Question 23

A standard of organizational performance that recognizes the need for organizations to contribute to economic, social, and environmental welfare.

Answer 23

Organizational Responsibility

Question 24

A social aggregation in which a limited number of individuals interact on a regular basis to accomplish a set of shared objectives for which they have mutual responsibility.

Answer 24

Team

Question 25

The unit or level (individuals, teams, organizations, nations, etc.) that is the object of the researchers' interest and about which conclusions are drawn from the research.

Answer 25

Level of analysis

Question 26

A type of team created for the purpose of focusing on solving ongoing problems or issues.

Answer 26

Problem-resolution team

Question 27

A type of team created for the purpose of developing innovative possibilities or solutions.

Answer 27

Creative team

Question 28

A type of team created for the purpose of executing a well-defined plan or objective.

Answer 28

Tactical team

Question 29

A type of team created for a limited duration that is designed to address one articular problem.

Answer 29

Ad hoc team

Question 30

The process of mutual adjustment between the team and its members, especially new members.

Answer 30

Socialization

Question 31

The cognitive process held in common by members of a team regarding how they quire information analyze it, and respond to it.

Answer 31

Shared mental model

Question 32

A phenomenon associated with team decision making in which member feel threatened by forces external to the team, resulting in deterioration in the cognitive processing of information.

Answer 32

Groupthink

Question 33

A type of team in which the members, often geographically dispersed, interact through electronic communication and may never meet face-to-face

Answer 33

Virtual team

Question 34

A phenomenon identified in groups or teams in which certain individuals withhold effort or contributions to the collective outcome.

Answer 34

Social loafing

Question 35

A theory of motivation based on the perceived degree of relationship between how much effort a person expends and the performance that results form the effort.

Answer 35

Expectancy theory of motivation.

Question 36

A theory of motivation based on directing one's effort toward the attainment of specific goals that have been set or established.

Answer 36

Goal-setting theory of motivation

Question 37

A theory of motivation based on the setting of goals and the receipt of accurate feedback that is monitored to enhance the likelihood of goal attainment.

Answer 37

Self-regulation theory of motivation

Question 38

A sense of personal control and being able to master one's environment.

Answer 38

Self-efficacy

Question 39

A theory of motivation based on the presence of dimensions or characteristics of jobs that foster the expenditure of effort.

Answer 39

Work design theory of motivation

Question 40

The process of designing work so as to enhance individual motivation to perform the work.

Answer 40

Job enrichment

Question 41

A concept of motivation whereby individuals are psychically immersed in emotionally and intellectually fulfilling work.

Answer 41

Work Engagement

Question 42

A conception that leadership is best understood in terms of traits or dispositions held by an individual that are accountable for the observed leadership.

Answer 42

Trait approach to leadership

Question 43

A conception that leadership is best understood in terms of the actions taken by an individual in the conduct of leading a group.

Answer 43

Behavioral approach to leadership

Question 44

A conception that leadership is best understood by the use of the power and influence exercised by a person with a group.

Answer 44

Power and influence approach to leadership

Question 45

A theory of leadership based on the nature of the relationship between a leader and members of the group he or she leads.

Answer 45

Leader-member exchange theory

Question 46

A conception that leadership is the process of inspiring a group to pursue goals and attain results.

Answer 46

Transformational leadership

Question 47

A conception that leadership is the product of charisma, a trait that inspires confidence in other to support the ideas and belief of an individual who possesses this trait.

Answer 47

Charismatic leadership

Question 48

A conception that leadership is a perceived phenomenon as attributed to an individual by others.

Answer 48

Implicit leadership theory

Question 49

The conception that there are sources of influence in an environment that can serve to act in lace of or be substitutes for, formal leadership.

Answer 49

Substitutes for leadership

Question 50

The process by which individuals pursue opportunities and organize resources that can lead to new job creation and business growth.

Answer 50

Entrepreneurship