Exam 3 Flashcards
(38 cards)
Describe the general properties of the water-soluble vitamins.
Small amounts are necessary for good health.
Dissolve in water.
All except Choline function as coenzymes.
Most circulate freely in the blood.
Not stored in large amounts in tissue; toxicity generally does not occur.
Many are easily destroyed or removed during food storage or preparation.
Describe the possible causes of vitamin deficiencies.
Inadequate Intake: Calorie restrictions, poverty, anorexia, food fads, difficulty swallowing, dental problems, decreased taste and smell, illness, excessive alcohol intake.
Decreased Absorption: Poor digestion, diarrhea, parasites, intestinal disorders, dietary antivitamin factors, gastrointestinal infections, prescription drugs, alcohol.
Decreased Utilization In Cells: Deficiencies in other nutrients, prescription drugs, alcohol. infection.
Increased Requirements: Growth, pregnancy, lactation, chronic illness, infection
Increased Breakdown: Perscription drugs, alchohol
Increased Losses and Excretion: Increased urinary excretion, blood losses (gastric ulcers), parasites, infection
Describe the role of vitamins as coenzymes.
Coenzymes activate enzymes allowing them to collect substrate to create the proper reaction.
List two excellent food sources for each of the water-soluble vitamins
B1: Pork, grape nuts, sunflower seeds.
B2: Liver, dairy products, cheerios
B3: Liver, Chicken, Salmon, Raisin Bran
B6: Pork, Salmon, Bananas, Baked potato
Folate B9: Edimame, Legumes, Asparagus
Cobalamin B12: Oysters, Molluscs, Mussels, Enhanced Soy milk
Choline: Guava, Green Chili Peppers, Kiwi, Orange
Identify the vitamin deficiencies that cause megaloblastic anemia, and explain how this anemia occurs.
Deficiencies in Folate and B12 lead to megaloblastic blood cells, which are larger than normal blood cells.
This is caused by impaired DNA synthesis causing immaturation in blood cell development.
Identify vitamins that have neurological functions, act as an antioxidant or are involved in energy metabolism, red blood cell production and DNA and RNA synthesis.
Thiamin (B1): Coenzyme form in energy metabolism, Synthesis of RNA and DNA, production of neurotransmitters.
Riboflavin (B2): Energy metabolism
Niacin (B3): Energy metabolism, lipid synthesis, DNA repair, cell signaling, regulation of gene expression.
Pyroxidine (B6): functions as a coenzyme to release glucose into glycogen. Aids in converting niacin to tryptophan.
Pantothenic Acid: Energy metabolism, lipid synthesis
Folate: Coenzyme and helps metabolize certain amino acids, Helps with RNA and DNA synthesis.
Cobalamin (B12): Protects neural sheaths, Acts as a coenzyme for amino acids, and for converting homocysteine to methionine.
Describe the proper handling techniques to preserve vitamins in foods.
Avoid peeling fruits as the vitamins are in the skin.
Cook fruits and veg on low heat, high temperatures may destroy the vitamins.
eat as soon as possible.
Avoid freezing.
Keep in water- and air-tight containters.
Identify the major minerals that have structural function in the body as well as the specific structures into which they are incorporated.
Nerve and muscle function: Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium, Sodium
Energy Metabolism: Phosphorus, Magnesium, Iron
Acid-Base Balance: Phosphorus, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium
Fluid Balance: Sodium, Chloride, Potassium
Bone Structure: Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulfer
Components of body proteins: Sulfur
Discuss the role of calcium in bone health and the consequences of inadequate intake during the growing years and as we age.
99% of calcium makes up bones and teeth. essentiaul for bone strength, blood clotting, hormone secretion, muscular contractions, nerve transmission.
When calcium levels fall the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) to stimulate production of active vitamin D.
Increases calcium absorption in the intestine
PTH and activated vitamin D mobilize calcium from the bone and decrease calcium excretion from the kidneys
Increased losses of Vitamin D can lead to bone density diseases osteopenia or osteoperosis
UL before toxicity is 2500mg
Describe factors that may influence the bioavailiability of minerals in the body.
deficiencies or increased need for minerals.
Binders: phytates, oxylates, polyphenols, minerals
Identify the major minerals that serve as electrolytes, and describe their individual roles in fluid balance.
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride
These electrolytes regulate body fluids and manage solute levels.
Identify primary sources of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in the diet.
Calcium: milk, yogurt, sardines, bok choi, broccoli
Magnesium: quinoa, brown rice, spinach, almonds, dark chocolate
Sodium: Found in nealy all foods.
Potassium: Dried apricots, baked potato, orange juice, tomato juice.
Identify at least five functions of water in the body.
Regulates body temperature Transports nutrients and oxygen Lubricates joints Present in mucus and saliva Cushions tissues Acts as a solvent Removes waste
Identify the sources of water for the body and the ways water is lost from the body
Sources: beverages, food, metabolism byproduct
Output: urine, skin(sweat), lungs, feces
Fruits, Vegetables, Some meat and milk are sources of water in food. Cantelope, Orange, Cauliflower, and Brussel Sprouts are highest in water.
Describe how antidiuretic hormone required water balance.
When solute in blood increases, blood pressure drops. In response, the pituitary gland in the brain signals for the creation of antidiuretic hormones (ADH), which are then released in the blood. ADH stimulates the kidneys to stop excretion in urine while releasing more water into the blood, equalizing the level of solutes.
Describe the major functions of copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, selenium, manganese, and zinc in the body
Hardens tooth enamel: flouride
Component of thyroid hormone: iodine (regulates metabolism, protein synthesis)
Bone Health: Copper, Manganese
Growth and Wound Healing: Zinc, Manganese
Anxiotidant Activity: Selinium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese
Required for enzyme function: copper, iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, selenium
May enhance insulin function: chromium
Identify the general properties of trace minerals.
less than 100mg needed per day very little digestion needed absorbed mostly in the small intestine circulated in blood many are co-enzyme factors found in meat and plant foods most vegetarians need to double their intake
Describe how the use of iodine and production of thyroid hormone are controlled
Low levels of thyroid hormone cause the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH. Then TSH tells the thyroid gland to take up iodine and produce and excrete more thyroid hormone. When Iodine is low, TSH does not stop excreting and stimulates the thyroid gland to continue growing.
Describe the symptoms of deficiency and toxicity for copper , fluoride, iodine, iron, selenium, and zinc
Iodine: Goiter, hypothyroidism, elevated TSH. 1100 UL
Iron: lethargy or body and mind. UL 45mg
Zinc: Impaired immune, growth, sex, appetite, weight factors. Basic deterioration of health if worsens. UL 40
Copper: Anemia, Osteoperosis
Selenium: Heart Disease. 400mcg UL - single high dose can be fatal.
Identify at least two dietary sources of copper, iodine, iron, selenium and zinc
Iodine: RDA 150mg. Cod, Skin Milk
Iron: RDA 8-20mg. fortefied grape-nut cereal, oysters.
Zinc: RDA 8-11mg. Oysters, T-bone steak
Copper: RDA 900mcg. Cashews, King Crab
Selenium: RDA 55mcg. Tuna, Salmon
Discuss the dietary sources of heme iron and nonheme iron and the factors that affect that absorption.
Heme gives red meat it’s color. Heme binds to oxygen. heme is more potent than non-heme iron.
absorbtion is increased by vitamin C. Inhibited by soy protein, calcium, polyphenols (wine), phytates
Identify the types of products or substances that might be classified as dietary supplements.
1994 DSHEA - Dietary Suppliment Health and Education Act
The manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that the product is safe, unadulterated, produced with good manufacturing practices, and properly and truthfully marked with a label
Dietary ingredients have to be federally regulated and GRAS (generally recognized as safe
Identify at least three situations or conditions for which specific supplementation may be warranted.
Folic acid for pregnant women or women soon to become pregnant, who consume little to no animal proteins. Iron is som cases, especially for menstrating women.
Vegans need B12 supplements, and likely calcium, zinc, and iron.
Children and babies may need vitamin D supplliments.
Provide an overview of the regulatory policies in the United States for dietary supplements compared with those for prescription or conventional drugs.
Health claims must be approved by FDA based on the SSA
Disease claims are unacceptable.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Convention (USP) sets standards and provides seals of quality
NSF International (NSF) and ConsumerLab.com (CL) add to reputability.
