Exam 3

Question 1

What are proteins made of? what are they converted into?

Answer 1

Proteins are made of nitrgoen and since we cannot break it down, we convert it into urea

Question 2

What is urea?

Answer 2

The substance we urinate out with the help of our kidneys. We excrete it in order to get rid of nitrogen.

Question 3

What are normal concentrations of urea in our body?

Answer 3

15 mg/dl

Question 4

What are normal concentrations of creatinine in our body?

Answer 4

1 mg/dl

Question 5

What substances are excreted in our urine?

Answer 5

urea and creatinine

Question 6

How is urea measured?

Answer 6

In our body, we can measure it through blood work, this is called our blood urea nitrogen.

Question 7

What is normal urine production? What if its more?

Answer 7

1 ml/min anything above that rate is diuresis

Question 8

What is the condition for urine production below 0.3 ml/min?

Answer 8

This is oliguria and its a sign of renal failure, it causes high bun and creatine levels

Question 9

What is a kidney stone?

Answer 9

These can form when one is dehydrated and oliguria. When urine is static and not much moves through the ureters, it can cause calcium to form into stones. When they go down the ureter, it can be painful.

Question 10

What i a kidney stone is not removed?

Answer 10

urine will aumulate and cause back track, the renal pelvis can enlarge and cause hydronephorsi

Question 11

Why is blood flow to the kidneys high?

Answer 11

20% of total blood flow is sent here because we are constantly making urea and creatinine so our kidneys must filter those out.

Question 12

What are the 7 main substances in our blood?

Answer 12

Red blood cells, plasma proteins, water, glucose, sodium, urea, and creatinine.

Question 13

What susbtance are filtered? which are reabsorbed?

Answer 13

Water, glucose, sodium, urea, and creatinine are filtered out. Water, glucose, sodium are reabsorbed

Question 14

What happens at the loop of henle?

Answer 14

sodium reabsorption

Question 15

What does long loops of henle tell us about an animal?

Answer 15

that there is more water and sodium reabsorption

Question 16

Blood enters the nephron at what rate?

Answer 16

1 l/min

Question 17

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 17

125 ml/min

Question 18

What is renal failure?

Answer 18

when our glomerular filtration rate goes below 30 ml/min

Question 19

What are the treatment plans for renal failure?

Answer 19

dialysis, transplant, or death

Question 20

What are the 2 types of hematuria?

Answer 20

GLomerular: red blood cells are filtered out in glomerulus and make their way through the nephron.
Non-Glomerular: anything past the glomerulus that causes red blood cells to be in the urine.

Question 21

How can we tell the difference between glomerular and non glomerular hematuria?

Answer 21

Red blood cells are biconcave discs. If the red blood cells came from glomerulus, their shape would be dysmorphic.

Question 22

Water isreabsorbed in two processess called

Answer 22

Mandatory water reabsorption and facilitated water reabosorption.

Question 23

where does mandatory water reabsoprtion occur?

Answer 23

pct

Question 24

Where does facilitated water reabsorption occur?

Answer 24

colleting duct

Question 25

What does facilitated water reabsorption rely on?

Answer 25

ADH

Question 26

What is ADH?

Answer 26

A hormone produced in the posterior pituitary and if adh is high, it prevents urinating. If ADH is low, there will be less facilitated water absorption and more urine.

Question 27

What must we do to absorb water?

Answer 27

Sodium has to be absorbed first and water will follow through osmosis.

Question 28

How is sodium reabsorbed?

Answer 28

Along the proximal convuluted tubule, in the apical membrane, there is sodium glucose transporters to take sodium in and then on the basal membrane, we have sodium, potassium atp ase to pump sodium out. After this happens, water can follow.