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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Made up of layers of cells that line and cover body surfaces

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2
Q

3 Basic Epithelial Shapes

A

Squamous- Flowing appearance, wispy (movement)
Cubodial- cubed shaped, equal in length and width (protection)
Columnar- Column shapes (protection)

All have high mitotic index

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3
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

A

Location- Body cavities, lungs, cardiovascular system

Function- Reduces friction, allows for movement (gas exchange)

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4
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue

A

Location- GI tract

Function- Protection, goblet cells produce mucus (lubrication)

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5
Q

Layers of GI Tract

A

Mucosa (inner)
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa (outer)

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6
Q

Simple Cubodial Epithelial Tissue

A

Location- Ducts of glands (lines the passage ways), exocrine glands (common bile duct, pancreas), glandular acini (cluster of berry shaped cells where secretion is produced)

Function- Protection (so gland doesn’t digest self)

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7
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue

A

Associated with goblet cells (produce mucus –> helps to trap debris)
Cells are different heights
Compromises the muco-ciliary transport system

Function- Designed to move mucus from caudal to cranial and act as fiber (cough debris up and out of trachea)

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8
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of bronchial tubes –> edema –> swelling
Causes- allergies (anti-histamine) , infection (antibiotics)

  • Do not give cough suppressant (hydrocodone)
  • Want pt. to cough up mucus
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9
Q

Transitional Epithelial Tissue

A

Location- urinary system

Function- Allows for expansion and contraction, stretchy

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10
Q

Urinary Stones (urolith)

A

Stones produced in renal pelvis –> travel to ureter –> urinary bladder, urethra
Carnivore- decreased pH
Herbivore- increased pH

Treatment- Cytology, do not incise ureter (–> will cause stenosis), lithotripsy (use of sound waves to break apart the stone)

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11
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

A

Mutate and start dividing rapidly
Can be metastatic

Treatment- Cystotomy to remove tumor, chemotherapy + radiation

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12
Q

Glandular Epithelial Tissue

A

Produces a substance to be used by the body
2 types of glands
1. Exocrine- have ducts (enzymes) (excrete substances into hollow organs or outside of the body
2. Endocrine- don’t have ducts (hormones) (secrete substances directly into the blood stream)

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13
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

A

Location- skin and MM

Produced by basal cells
When squamous cells die –> cornified (rigid, not flexible)

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14
Q

Function of the Skin

A

Protection
Regulate body temp
Absorb vitamin D (antioxidants, melanocytes)
Sensation
Blood Reservoir (stores in capillaries)
Immune Surveillance
Attachment for hair, nails, hooves, horns
*byproduct of cellular respiration is heat

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15
Q

3 Layers of Skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
SubQ Fat

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16
Q

Epidermis

A

Composed of stratified squamous cells
Basal cells at bottom –> produces squamous cells
have a high mitotic index
No blood flow
Hair follicles are embedded here (sebaceous gland –> produces sebum-oil –> lubrication) (proteins are holding together keratin)

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17
Q

Epidermis (Melanocytes)

A

Produce melanin pigment
Protect from UV radiation
Prevent uptake of vitamin D
*The more pigment –> the lower the vitamin D)

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18
Q

Dermis

A

Living layer of skin
Contains nerves and blood supply
Veins do not pump blood (valves, skeletal muscle contraction milks blood to heart)
Mast cells (inflammatory response, contain heparin and histamine)

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19
Q

Subcutaneous Fat

A

Adheres to muscle layer beneath
If tear –> pocket of dead space –> fill with fluid (can be serosanguinous or purulent)

Treatment- Insert a penrose drain

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20
Q

Melanoma

A

Tumor arising from melanocytes
Highly aggressive and metastatic
Will spread into blood and lymphatic system (met check)

21
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Malignant tumor of basal cells (basement membrane) arising from epithelial tissue
Evaluate for clean margins before excising

22
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Occurs in animals with white/pale skin
Cells divide rapidly
General metastasize

Treatment- surgical resection (must get clean margins)

23
Q

Mast Cell Tumor

A

Release histamine and contains heparin
Very pruritus
Grade 1-5

Treatment- Surgical resection (must get clean margins)

24
Q

Neoplasia

A

No heat, no pain, cytology

25
Q

Absess

A

Heat, pain, cytology

26
Q

Cyst

A

No heat, +/- pain, no cytology

27
Q

Inflammation

A

The cellular and circulatory response of the body to an insult/injury

28
Q

4 Signs of Inflammation

A

Heat (increased circulation)
Redness (erythema, vasodilation)
Pain (pressure on nerves)
Swelling (edema, fluid leaks out of fenestrations in capillaries)

29
Q

Causes of Inflammation

A

Microorganisms
Mites
Trauma
Allergic toxins

30
Q

Result of Inflammation

A

3 chemicals are released:

  1. Histamine(causes heat, redness, swelling)
  2. Prostaglandins (Cause the pain)
  3. Cytokines (contributes to swelling)

*cytokines –> vasodilation –> stimulate mast cells –> histamine –> vasodilation

31
Q

Treatment of Inflammation

A
  1. Glucocorticoids (steroids)
    - Hydrocortisone most common
    - Prednisone, dexamethasone, methyl prednisone
  2. NSAIDS
    - Aspirin
    - Cyclo oxygenate inhibitors (carprofen, meloxicam, deracoxib)
  3. Anti-Histamines
    - Diphenhydramine (benadryl)
    - Cyclosporine (atopica)
    - Oclacitnib Maleate
32
Q

Mange

A

Caused by a burrowing mite
Demodex –> Younger
Sarcoptes –> Shelter

Treatment: dip-mitabin

33
Q

Ringworm

A

Caused by a fungus
Not pruritic
non-inflammatory circular alopecia

Treatment: Miconazole, Ketoconazole

34
Q

Pyoderma

A

Pus on the skin
“Hot spot”, edema
Caused by excessive licking

Treatment: ecollar, topical antibiotics, bitter apple

35
Q

Atopy

A

Allergic dermatitis
Highly pruritic
Seasonal/fleas

Treatment: Corticosteroids or anti-histamines

36
Q

Stages of Skin Healing

A
  1. Hematoma –> Vasodilation (triggers inflammatory response)
  2. Inflammation (heat, redness, swelling, pain)
  3. Fibroblasts produce collagen to seal the cut –> create granulation tissue, neovascularization
  4. Epithelial Migration (replaces granulation tissue with new skin)
  5. Remodeling (could take up to year

Stages 1-4 of skin healing happen within 10 days

37
Q

Reasons for Suturing

A
  1. Help aid in wound healing
  2. provide better skin opposition (lining up of the edges loosely, if too tight –> necrosis)
  3. Decrease scarring (proud flesh)
  4. Prevent infection
38
Q

Golden Period of Suturing

A

Within 6 hours of tissue damage, the suture wound will close

39
Q

2 Types of Wound Healing

A
  1. Primary Intention
    - Suturing
    - Can be destroyed by a lack of patient/client compliance –> dehiscence
  2. Delayed Intention
    - Allow for granulation tissue to form –> scar develops, apply a wet to dry bandage and rip off (stimulate tissue), can be too deep and impact function
40
Q

Hoof Cracks

A

A split anywhere in the hoof wall (toe, quarter, heel)
Caused by dry environment, diet, and/or trauma

Treatment- difficult to treat, time off, therapeutic shoeing, wiring the crack, filling the hoof

Prevention- regular trimming

41
Q

Laminitis

A

Inflammation of the laminae of the hoof in the coffin bone (usually on front limbs)

Signs- painful, walking on eggshells, difficulty turning

Treatment-Minimize inflammation, ice baths, NSAIDS, frog supports

42
Q

Founder

A

Rotation or sinking of the coffin bone
Founder –> laminitis

Signs- painful, walking on eggshells, difficulty turning

Treatment- Therapeutic trimming/shoeing, heart bar shoes, partial or complete hoof wall resection

43
Q

Ringbone

A

Exostosis- abnormal bone growth in the pastern or coffin joint
Caused by poor shoeing, poor conformation, chronic inflammation, stress, uneven tension or instability of joint

Treatment- no cure (treatment slows the progression all alleviates pain), arthrodesis (sx fixation of joint), joint injections, NSAIDS, therapeutic shoeing

44
Q

Navicular Disease

A

Inflammation that leads to degeneration of the navicular bone

Predisposing factors- poor conformation, work (jumping, galloping, hard surfaces)

Signs- Mild lameness, tiptoe gait, pain in back foot, heel pain with hoof testers

Treatment- Time off, trimming/shoeing, wedge pad, heel support, NSAIDS (phenylbutazone), vasodilators (increases blood supply, sx to remove navicular bone

45
Q

Windpuffs

A

Soft swelling at the fetlock caused by distension of the joint capsule (overproduction of joint fluid)

46
Q

Bog Spavin

A

Soft swelling of the hock joint (back leg)

47
Q

Bone Spavin

A

Osteoarthritis of one of the hock joints
Caused by conformational defects (sickle hocks, cow hocks), activities (roping, herding), OCD

Signs- Vague hindlimb lameness, swelling of tarsus, lameness can become worse and more consistent

48
Q

OCD

A

Caused by abnormal growth and development of articular cartilage in the joint (creates roughened area)

Diagnosis- Spavin test/ Flexion test (leg is lifted and flexed for period of time), radiographs

Treatment- NSAIDS, corticosteroids injections, glucosamine chondroitin + dexamethasone, sx to remove OCD or fuse hock

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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