Exam 3- A and P 2

Question 1

Primary Endocrine Organs and Tissues

Answer 1

-hypothalamus
-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-adrenal glands
-pineal gland
-parathyroid glands
(Main Functions of each?)

Question 2

Secondary Endocrine Functions

Answer 2

-heart
-thymus
-adipose tissue
-digestive tract
-kidneys
-gonads

Question 3

Which body processes are controlled by hormones?

Answer 3

-growth
-reproduction
-digestive
-healing
-blood pressure
-metabolism
Example of which hormone for the processes above?

Question 4

What changes do hormones trigger at the cellular level?

Answer 4

• Increase in: protein synthesis, enzyme activity, membrane transport, cell division
  -Decrease in: membrane transport
  What hormones cause those different changes?

Question 5

Thyroid Hormone function?

Answer 5

metabolic hormone, increases the enzyme activity, speeds up the chemical reactions

Question 6

Thyroid stimulating hormone function?

Answer 6

made by the pituitary gland and it involves a membrane transport to target the thyroid

Question 7

Growth hormone function?

Answer 7

Cell division (mitosis), it targets growth plates in most bones

Question 8

The structural classes of hormones? (name all 3 and the following questions)

Answer 8

steroid hormones (lipid soluble or water-soluble)- lipid soluble
Examples?
-estrogen, cortisol
monoamines (lipid soluble or water-soluble)- water soluble
Examples?
-TH, melatonin (exception of TH?)- it is a monoamine that is not water-soluble
peptide
peptides (lipid soluble or water soluble?)- water soluble
Examples?
-oxytocin, insulin, TSH

Question 9

3 ways hormone release can be triggered?

Answer 9

Explain all 3 and give examples of where these could happen:
Neural trigger
Humoral Trigger
Hormonal Trigger

Question 10

What hormone classes use second messenger system?

Answer 10

lipid soluble

Question 11

what is the second messenger system and how does it work?

Answer 11

Used for monoamines (melatonin). It works by a hormone connecting to a receptor on the outside of a cell that then interacts with a G Protien which carries into a chemical reaction that triggers inside the nucleus to create a trigger.

Question 12

Functions of blood

Answer 12

-transport (nutrients, hormones, oxygen)
-protection (inflamation, destroy microorganisms, blood clotting)
-regulation (fluid distribution, PH balance, BP)

Question 13

2 major fractions

Answer 13

-plasma
-formed elements

Question 14

what are the formed elements of blood? what percent of each?

Answer 14

-RBC (99.9%)
-buffy coat (less than 1% )(WBC + Platelets)

Question 15

Blood viscosity

Answer 15

the resistance of a fluid to flow
-the thickness or stickiness of blood

Question 16

Blood osmolarity

Answer 16

the total concentration of solute particles

Question 17

How much of the blood is plasma?

Answer 17

55%

Question 18

What are the solutes of blood? What is their function?

Answer 18

plasma proteins
-albumins (60%- heavily influence osmotic pressure)
-globulins (36%- 5 classes of antibodies)
-fibrinogen (4%- gets converted to fibrin during clotting)

Question 19

Describe the characteristics of Erthyrocytes (RBC)

Answer 19

-biconcave cell
-anucleate
-lack all organelles

Question 20

How does the shape of RBCs serve their function?

Answer 20

Because of its biconcave shape it gives more surface area spread apart which means it can carry more oxygen, release more oxygen
-conclusion: mature rbc are only for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 21

How many globin chains are in a rbc?

Answer 21

4, 2 alpha and 2 beta

Question 22

What is the production of RBC called?

Answer 22

erythropioiesis

Question 23

What is the kidney hormone responsible for signaling a stimulation so the red marrow produces RBC?

Answer 23

erythropoietin

Question 24

Examples of erythrocyte disorders and what causes them (broadly?)?

Answer 24

Causes: inadequate erythropoiesis,S loss, RBC destruction
-iron deficiency
-anemia
-hemorrhagic
-pernicious
-aplastic
-hemolytic

Question 25

what is the erythrocyte disorder that occurs when you are at high elevations?

Answer 25

secondary polycythemia

Question 26

Antigens

Answer 26

A antigen B antigen RH antigen -cellular name tags

Question 26

Antibody

Answer 26

a specific binding site for one non self antigen Ex. Blood types A+ A- all would have B antibodies present

Question 27

5 classes of Leukocytes

Answer 27

Granulocytes: -basophils -eosinophils -neutrophils Agranulocytes: -lymphocytes -monocytes

Question 27

function of WBC?

Answer 27

-emigrate via depedesis -chemotaxis

Question 27

phagocytosis

Answer 27

"cell eating"

Question 28

monocytes become what?

Answer 28

macrophages

Question 28

most abundant WBC?

Answer 28

Neutrophils (C-shaped, pinwheel) -phagocytize bacteria -release antimicrobial chemicals

Question 28

Monocytes

Answer 28

horse shoe shaped -presents antigens to cells to activate cells in the immune system -work once they leave the blood stream where they turn into macrophages (consume dead cells)

Question 29

lymphocytes

Answer 29

Round/dimpled on one side -destroy cancer cells -immune memory

Question 29

Basophil

Answer 29

U or S shaped -secretes histamine -secretes heparin (promotes mobility and prevents clotting)

Question 30

Eosinophil

Answer 30

large loves connected with thin strand -weaken/destroy pathogens -phagocytize antigen/antibody complexes

Question 31

3 cardiovascular circuits

Answer 31

1)pulmonary- carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and returns to heart 2)systemic- supplies blood to the organs, lungs, and heart itself 3)coronary-serves the heart wall

Question 31

What happens if a blockage in the coronary circuit happens?

Answer 31

anastomoses will form- vessel bypass and it is created by angiogenesis Ex of issues that may occur: heart attacks, angina pectoris, CABG

Question 32

Describe the microscopic anatomy of a cardiac muscle cell

Answer 32

Small y shaped cells with 1-3 intercalated discs

Question 33

Cardiac cells are held together by what?

Answer 33

elastic connection, fibrous CT and gap junctions (mechanical junctions, electrical junctions)

Question 34

Explain the conduction system in 4 steps (draw it too)

Answer 34

1) SA node; establishes the sinus rhythm 2) AV node; the secondary pacemaker 3) AV bundle; the pair of branches that travel down the septum 4) subendocardial branches (purkinje fibers) - they go to the left and right of the heart after hitting the apex